THE RISK OF ANEMIA IN WOMEN AGES 20-

27 IN QASSIM, SAUDI ARABIA

BY
ABDULSALAM SALEH ALMUTIRI
391107958

IN THE DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL LABORATORY

PROJECT COORDINATIOR
Dr. YASSSER HASSANEIN
 Table of content

Number of slide Title

to 6 3 Introduction
to 15 7 Literature review
to 19 16 Material and methods
to 25 20 Result
to 28 26 Discussion
to 30 29 Conclusion
to 32 31 References
 Anemia

Anemia is a global health problem characterized by a reduction in

.red blood cells, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume
It can be caused by various lifestyle factors, diseases, or pregnancy,
leading to insufficient oxygen transportation and serious health
.risks, especially for women of reproductive age
.It can also affect social and economic development
 Causes of Anemia

:Anemia is a condition that can have many causes, including

 Blood loss
 Certain infections
 Vitamin B12 deficiency
 Folate (folic acid) deficiency
 Iron deficiency
 Some chronic disease
 Pregnancy
 Consequences of Anemia

Anemia have serious consequences for both the mother and the fetus,
:including
 Low-weight newborn babies
 Preterm birth
 Perinatal and neonatal mortality
 Fatigue
 Increased risk of infection

These issues can cause not only health problems, but economic and public
.health issues as well
 Purpose of the Study

This study aims to determine the prevalence of anemia in women

aged 20-27, to reduce the risk of anemia-related consequences -
.especially neonatal mortality
For example, If women are already suffering from anemia
symptoms before marriage/pregnancy, it will negatively affect their
future pregnancies and reduce productivity and
.reproductive capabilities
 Literature review

Many studies have tried to fund whether there is a risk for women of
reproductive age to develop anemia, and other studies have been
attempting to investigate and find the factors that put women of
.reproductive age at risk of developing anemia
 First study

A study by Elmardi et al.(2020) was conducted on 4271 Sudanese

women to find the prevalence and determinants of anemia in women
of reproductive age using a previous cross-sectional study conducted
in Sudan in 2016 and a population-based household survey. All
women of reproductive age (15–49 years) were surveyed, personal
characteristic data were collected, and their hemoglobin level and
malaria infection (using the rapid diagnostic test, RDT) were
assessed. The study result shows the prevalence of anemia in women
of reproductive age was 35.6%, with an increase in the prevalence in
regions with low socioeconomic level and found an association
.between parasitic infection and anemia
 Second study

A study by Owais et al.(2021) was conducted to investigate anemia

among women of reproductive age in low and middle-income
countries by using a systematic search of published peer-reviewed
literature was performed to gather information on contextual factors,
country interventions, policies, strategies, programs, and initiatives
that may have contributed to reductions in women of reproductive
age anemia over time. The study result shows many risk factors
positively associated with anemia in different countries, including
socioeconomic factors, household wealth, urban residence, maternal
.education, dietary intake, and health service utilization
 Third study

Another study by Sumera et al.(2020) was conducted on 150 Pakistani

nonpregnant, married women to find the prevalence and determinants
of anemia among women of reproductive age using a cross-sectional
study. Data collectors administered a structured questionnaire to
collect sociodemographic, reproductive, and dietary data from women
who provided stool and blood samples. The result of the study shows
61.3% of women were develop anemia 24 of 150 women were
younger than 25, so the study found a list of factors that are positively
associated with developing anemia, like low-level houses also,
.consumption of low meat diet, and diet with low iron content
 Fourth study

A study by Andrea Sosa-Moreno et al.(2020) was conducted on

7415 Ecuadorian women of reproductive age to investigate anemia
in women of reproductive age in Ecuador by using a previous
nationally representative cross-sectional survey on women of
reproductive age. They assessed anemia and moderate-severe
anemia using hemoglobin concentration cutoffs of <12 g/dL and <11
.g/dL
The result of the study shows that 13% of 1953 women between 12
to 24 years old were anemic, and 15% of 2644 women between 25
to 34 years old were anemic and showed positively associated
factors that develop anemia like maternal status, educational level,
and region. Also, the study found that living on the urban coast and
urban highlands, having given birth to more than four children, and
using contraceptives was associated with a higher prevalence of
.anemia
 Fifth study

Another study by Sengtavanh et al.(2021) was conducted on 12519

women from Lao PDR to investigate the prevalence of anemia and
its associate factors among women of reproductive age by using
previous nationally representative cross-sectional survey, multistage
sampling approaches, and binary logistic regression to determine the
associated factors of anemia. The result of the study was that 39.2%
of them developed anemia, and the prevalence shows variation
depending on region, educational level, diet behavior, and family
.size
 Sixth study

Another study by Omari et al.(2018) was conducted on 1248

Tanzanian women to investigate the Prevalence and risk factors of
preconception anemia by using a cross-sectional study and
collecting samples to measure hemoglobin levels, serum ferritin,
vitamin B12, folate, and C-reactive protein, alanine
aminotransferase, the presence of malaria, HIV, and soil-transmitted
helminth infections. The result of the study was that 36.7% of them
were anemic, and 37.6% had iron deficiency. Also, the result shows
positively associated factors related to anemia, like older age,
.malaria infection, and iron deficiency
 Material and methods

Socio-demographic data, including age from the premarital

examination. Previous medical histories, including complete blood
count, were documented. Variables included 100 female participants
.aged 20 to 27 years old
 Material and methods

At enrolment, 3 ml of venous blood was collected in EDTA-coated

and plain serum tubes. Complete blood counts were measured by
using Sysmex KX-21N hematological analyzer (Sysmex
.Corporation Kobe, Japan)
 Material and methods

According to WHO’s definition, anemia was defined as Hb <12.0

:g/dL and further categorized as
 Sever < 7 g/dl
 Moderate 7-9 to 9 g/dl
 Mild 10 to11.6 g/dl
 Sufficient 11.7 to15/dl
 High Hb > 15g/dl
Microcytosis was defined as a mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
value <80 fl and hypochromic as a mean cell hemoglobin
.concentration (MCHC) value <32 g/dL
 Material and methods

:Anemia was further classified as

 Normocytic-normochromic (Hb <12 g/dL, MCV 80–100 fL and
MCHC>32 g/dL),
 Microcytic hypochromic (Hb <12 g/dL, MCV< 80 fL and MCHC<32
g/dL)
 Megaloblastic (Hb <12g/dL, MCV ≥100)
 Mixed types (normocytic-hypochromic, microcytic-normochromic
macrocytic-normochromic and macrocytic-hypochromic) anemia.
 Result
Table 1: Frequency Distribution of Hemoglobin of the Respondents
Anemia Proxy Proxies Subjects
Classification F %

Hgb

Sever g/dl 7 < 0 0%

Moderate g/dl 7-9.9 5 5%
Mild g/dl 10-11.6 20 20%
Sufficient dl/11.7-15 73 73%
High Hgb > 15g/dl 2 2%
Total 100 100%
 Result

Table 2: Frequency Distribution of Hematocrit of the Respondents

Anemia Proxy Proxies Subjects

Classification
F %

Hct

Low 36% < 33 33%

Normal 36%> 67 67%

Total 100 100%

 Result

Table 3: Frequency Distribution of Red Blood Cells total count of the Respondent

Anemia Proxy Proxies Subjects

Classification
F %

RBC

Low uL/6*10 3.8 < 0 0%

Normal uL –/6*3.810 98 98%
5.210*6/uL
High uL/6*5.210> 2 2%
Total 100 100%
 Result

Table 4: Frequency Distribution of Mean Cell Volume of the Respondent

Anemia Proxy Proxies Subjects

Classification
F %

MCV

Low fl 80 < 31 31%

Normal fl 100 – 80 69 69%
High fl 100> 0 0%
Total 100 100%
 Result

Table 5: Frequency Distribution of Mean Cell Hemoglobin of the Respondent

Anemia Proxy Proxies Subjects

Classification
F %

MCH

Low pg 27 < 38 38%

Normal pg 32 – 27 61 61%
High pg 32> 1 1%
Total 100 100%
 Result

Table 6: Frequency Distribution of Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration of the Respondent

Anemia Proxy Proxies Subjects

Classification
F %

MCHC

Low g/dl 32 < 9 9%

Normal g/dl 36 – 32 91 91%
High g/dl 36> 0 0%
Total 100 100%
 Discussion

The current study aimed to investigate anemia proxies and

associated risk factors in marriage-age women in Qassim City,
.Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
The results showed that around 33% of respondents suffered from
.mild to moderate anemia
The decrease in the intake of iron and other elements could be due
to low intakes of proteins, fruits, and vegetables, as reported, which
is believed to be the significant factor that lowered the level of
.vitamins and minerals
The results also indicated that most infrequent meat intake was
.associated with an increased risk of anemia
 Discussion

Anemia proxies are expected to be low, and the respondents will be

at risk of anemia due to a destructive lifestyle that adversely affects
.their eating habits
Although the respondents enjoy a reasonable income and education
level, we did not face severe types of anemia; most were between
mild and moderate based on many parameters, including a lower
level of Hb, Hct, MCV, MHC, and MCHC than the recommended
.level
According to our data, the reduction in anemia proxy levels and the
prevalence of anemia, whether low hemoglobin or RBCs indices,
among 33% of respondents, could be due to insufficient nutrient
.intake and physiological and pathological factors
 Discussion

The results showed that the nutritional inadequacy of micronutrients

such as iron, folic acid, and vitamins B12, C, and D are the most
critical factors influencing anemia proxies and leading to the
.prevalence of anemia in respondents
Therefore, conducting additional studies and establishing
appropriate intervention strategies to improve the nutritional status,
reduce obesity, and increase the intake of food that contains
adequate quantities of micro-nutrients, particularly iron intake,
.could help improve the risk of anemia in women of marriage age
 Conclusion

In conclusion, anemia is a significant public health concern that can

have serious consequences, especially in women of reproductive
.age
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anemia in women
.aged 20 to 27
The study's results showed that 67% of the sample had sufficient
hemoglobin levels, hematocrit levels, average red blood cell counts,
mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean
.corpuscular hemoglobin concentration levels
 Conclusion

However, 33% of the study sample had low mean corpuscular

volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin levels, indicating the
.possibility of getting anemia
These findings emphasize the importance of increasing awareness of
anemia and its risk factors among women of reproductive age to
prevent the negative consequences of anemia on maternal and fetal
.health
It is also crucial to monitor and address anemia in women before
they become pregnant to improve neonatal health outcomes and
.reduce the economic and public health burden of anemia
 References

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 References

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