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Feedback Control System

Feedback Control System

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Tarik Tawfeek
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11 views14 pages

Feedback Control System

Feedback Control System

Uploaded by

Tarik Tawfeek
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fourier transform time and frequency domains

A visualization of the relationship between the time domain and the frequency domain of a function, based on its Fourier transform. The Fourier
transform takes an input function f (in red) in the "time domain" and converts it into a new function f-hat (in blue) in the "frequency domain". In other
words, the original function can be thought of as being "amplitude given time", and the Fourier transform of the function is "amplitude given frequency".
Shown here, a simple 6-component approximation of the square wave is decomposed (exactly, for simplicity) into 6 sine waves. These component
frequencies show as very sharp peaks in the frequency domain of the function, shown as the blue graph.

The time domain signal description is abstract while the frequency domain signal description is detailed. So, frequency
domain is more understandable than time domain.
Transfer Function

Transfer function is an s-domain mathematical model of


control systems.

Transfer function of a Laplace Linear Time Invariant (LTI)


system is defined as the ratio of Laplace transform of output
and Laplace transform of input by assuming all the initial
conditions are zero.

The transfer function gain is the ratio of what you receive


from the system as output to what you input to the system,
under steady-state condition
If x(t) and y(t) are the input and output of an LTI system, then
the corresponding Laplace transforms is:

L
x(t) and y(t) X(s) and Y (s)

Output signal Y (S )
T .F   I .C .0  G ( S )
Input signal X (S )
In Matlab: Coeff. of numerator and denominator must be written in descending power , matlab code can
be adopted as

num = [bm, bm-1,…….,b1,b0];

den = [an, an-1,…….,a1,a0];

G(s) =tf (num,den)


Types of Transfer Function
Transfer Function from Differential Equation
If the differential equation is given by:

d2y/dt2 +8dy/dt+15y=30x
Where x is input and Y is output of the system.

Solution
Take Laplace transform for the two side
[S2Y(S) - SY(0) - Y’(0)] + [8SY(S) - Y(0)] + 15Y(S) = 30x(S)

For transfer function, we should have zero initial conditions Y(0) = 0 , Y’(0) = 0.

S2Y(S)+8SY(S)+15Y(S)= 30x(S)

Hence T.F Y(S)/x(S) = 30/S2 + 8S + 15


Control Systems - Feedback

If either the output or some part of the output is returned to the input side
and utilized as part of the system input, then it is known as Feedback.

Feedback plays an important role to improve the performance of the


control systems.

Types Feedback
1- Positive feedback

2-Negative feedback
1-Positive Feedback
The positive feedback adds the reference input, R((s) and feedback output.

𝐶 (𝑆) 𝐺
Transfer Function is =
𝑅( 𝑠) 1 −𝐺𝐻
Where,
G is the open loop gain, which is function of frequency.
H is the gain of feedback path, which is function of frequency.
Applications of positive feedback system

1. Oscillator
It will be found in analog electronics.
2. In Timing Circuits
A circuit that synchronizes or activates something by means of a repetitive timing signal; especially a
CPU, to run at a particular rate.
2-Negative feedback
Negative feedback reduces the error between the reference input, R(s) and system output.

𝐶 (𝑆) 𝐺
Transfer Function is =
𝑅( 𝑠) 1+ 𝐺𝐻
G: is the open loop gain, which is function of frequency.
H : is the gain of feedback path, which is function of frequency.
Applications of negative feedback system

1. Stabilize Gain
If the system gain G is very high, then you need to stabilize it by using
negative feedback.

2. Amplifier
when the feedback H very less than one, we can have amplification
(operational amplifier).

3. In Analog to Digital Converter ADC or Digital to Analog Converter


DAC
Effect of feedbacks
 There are three major types of effect of feedback
1. Effect of feedback on Gain
2. Effect of feedback on Sensitivity
3. Effect of feedback on Stability
Effect of Feedback on Gain
The overall gain of the system is the ratio of 'G' and (1+GH). So, the overall gain may
increase or decrease depending on the value value of (1+GH).

So, by changing H, we can change the Transfer Function


Effect of Feedback on Sensitivity
Sensitivity explains how much change in output with respect to change in input .

In general, 'G' and 'H' are functions of frequency. So, feedback will increase the sensitivity of the system gain in
one frequency range and decrease in the other frequency range. Therefore, we have to choose the values of
'GH' in such a way that the system is insensitive or less sensitive to parameter variations.
Effect of Feedback on Stability

A system is said to be stable, if its output is under control. Otherwise, it is said


to be unstable.

Therefore, we must properly choose the feedback to make the control system
stable.

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