UTS ppt- goup 2

SELF AS COGNITIVE
CONSTRUCTS
Learning Objectives At the end of this lesson, you should
be able to:
1. Identify the different ideas in psychology about the

“Self”.
2. Create your own definition of the “Self” based on the

definitions from psychology; and
3. Analyze the effects of various factors identified in

psychology in the formation of the “self”.
■ Learning Objectives At the end of this lesson, you
should be able to:
■
■ 1. Identify the different ideas in psychology about the
“Self”.
■
■ 2. Create your own definition of the “Self” based on
the definitions from psychology; and
■
3. Analyze the effects of various factors identified in
psychology in the formation of the “self”.
“I am Who I am”
■ “If
you are who you are, then who are you that
makes you who you are?”
“Self is the sense of personal identity and of who we
are as individuals”. –Jhangiani and Tarry (2014
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.William James
Concept of Self
2.David Lester
Multiple versus Unified Self
3.Donald Winnicott
True versus False Self
4.Carl Rogers
Self theory
5. Sigmund Freud The Importance of Unconscious
6.Albert Bandura Self as Proactive and Argentic
7. Carl Jung Self as the Central Archetype
1.William James Concept of Self
Self have two (2) aspects:
“I” Self
Refers to the self that knows who he or she is
Thinking, acting, and feeling self Reflects the soul of
a person or what is now thought of as the mind and is
called the pure ego.
“Me” Self
The empirical self Refers to describing the persons
personal experiences and further divided into
subcategories
Material self
Social self
■ Spiritual self
2.David Lester
Multiple versus Unified Self

■Multiple Versus Unified Self
■
■1.The construction of multiple selves varies
across different roles and relationships.
■
■2. Coping with different selves. Constitutes a
formidable task among adolescents.
■
3.These challenges contribute heavily to the
young person’s struggle for a unified self.
■3.Donald Winnicott True versus False Self
■
The function of the false self is to hide and
protect the true self.
People tend to display false self to impress

others.
■ Carl Rogers
✓ Believed in the inherent goodness of people

✓ Emphasized the importance of free will and
psychological growth
✓ Suggested the actualizing tendency is the driving
force behind human behavior
✓ Human beings are always striving for self-
fulfillment or self actualization
✓ When the needs of the self are denied, severe
anxiety may result
Proposed the self theory
■ Self Concept
■
■ Refers to the image of oneself.
■ Defined the self as flexible and changing
perception of personal identity.
Self develops from interactions with significant
people and self-awareness.
■ The Three Components of “Self-Concept”
Embodies the answer to the question “Who am I?
■
■ * Self-image
■ * Self-esteem
* Ideal self
5. Sigmund Freud Importance of the
Unconscious
■ Freud’s Construction of Self and Personality
■ 3 Structures of Personality
■ ID
■ Pleasure Principle.
■ Is the original system of the personality from which
the ego and superego emerge
■ Ego
■ Reality Principle. The “Executive branch of
personality. Ruled by reality principle and attempts
to excerpt reality based influence over ID and
superego.
■ Superego
Moral Principle. Is the other extreme of the
personality. Can be considered as the “judicial
branch” and concerned with moralistic issue,
Psychosexual Stages
Oral
(first 18 months of life)
Anal
(18 months to 3 years old
Phallic
(3-6 years old)
Latent
(occurs between 6 and 12 years old)
Genital
begins at puberty and continues for the rest of life
Defense Mechanism
Denial- refusal to recognize or acknowledge
threatening situation.
Repression- an attempt to cope by creating an
avoidance response.
Rationalization- creating false excuses for
unacceptable feelings, thought or behavior.
Projection- an attempt to attribute to another person
one’s own thoughts or feelings.
■ Reaction Formation- is way of coping by creating
an extreme emotional response that is the opposite of
how one actually feels.
Regression- an attempt to cope by moving back to appoint in ones
development that was less threatening
Sublimation- replacing socially unacceptable impulse with socially
acceptable behavior
Displacement- redirecting unacceptable feelings from the original
source to a safer, substitute target
Identification- Incorporating personality characteristics associated
with someone else into your own personality in order to deal with
specific situation
■ Fixation- in attempt to avoid new responsibilities, a person can
avoid growing up and fixate, or stand still, in terms of development
“Self as Proactive and Argentic”
*Stanford University Psychologist
*Views people as agents (originators) of experience not just

reactive
*Suggest that human have the ability to act and make things
happen.
Four (4) Argentic Perspective
1. Intentionally
✓Enables us to behave with purpose
2. Forethought
✓Allows us to anticipate outcomes.
3. Self-reactiveness
✓We can be motivated to regulate our actions.
4. Self-reflectiveness
✓ We can reflect our thought and behaviors and make
needed modification.
Four (4) steps in observational leaning and
modeling process
* Attention
* Retention
* Motor reproduction
* Motivation
Attention
• In order to learn, you need to be paying attention.
• Anything that distracts your attention is going to

have a negative effects on observational learning.
• If the model is interesting or there is a novel aspect

of the situation, you are far more likely to dedicate
your full attention to learning.
Retention
• The ability to store info is also an important

part of the learning process.
• Retention can be affected by a number of

factors, but the ability to pull up information
later and act on it is vital to observational
learning.
Motor Reproduction
• Once you have paid attention to the model

and retained the info, it is time to actually
perform the behavior you observed.
• Further practice of learned behavior leads

to improvement and skill advancement.
Motivation
• Finally, in order for observational learning to be

successful, you have to be motivated to imitate the
behavior that has been modeled.
• Reinforcement and punishment play an important

role in motivation.
• While experiencing these motivators can be highly

effective, so can observing others experiencing
some type of reinforcement or punishment.
Archetypes
are universal, inborn models of people,

behaviors, or personalities that play a role in
influencing human behavior.
Five (5) Archetypes
Persona- One’s public personality or mask; one’s social

role.
Shadow- One’s dark side, parts of ourselves that we
dislike.
Anima- Female archetype, or feminine side.
Animus- Male archetype, or masculine side.
Self- Central archetype of personality, represents
wholeness.
THANK YOU!
Group-
2
Acuzar
Silvoza
Quijada
Billota
Dañas

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SELF AS COGNITIVE

1. Identify the different ideas in psychology about the

2. Create your own definition of the “Self” based on the

3. Analyze the effects of various factors identified in

Multiple versus Unified Self

People tend to display false self to impress

✓ Believed in the inherent goodness of people

*Stanford University Psychologist

*Views people as agents (originators) of experience not just

• In order to learn, you need to be paying attention.

• Anything that distracts your attention is going to

• If the model is interesting or there is a novel aspect

• The ability to store info is also an important

• Retention can be affected by a number of

• Once you have paid attention to the model

• Further practice of learned behavior leads

• Finally, in order for observational learning to be

• Reinforcement and punishment play an important

• While experiencing these motivators can be highly

are universal, inborn models of people,

Persona- One’s public personality or mask; one’s social

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