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1.9 Data and data analysis

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17 views31 pages

1.9 Data and data analysis

Uploaded by

Huda Wasim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS

Zunaira Faheem
Al Waha International School
LEARNING OBJECTIVE

• Learners can describe, explain and evaluate quantitative and


qualitative data and conduct some data analysis.

• We will cover three topics


• Types of data
• Data analysis
• Graphs
TYPES OF DATA
DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS

• The numerical result produced from investigations is called as


‘raw data’.
• In order to make understandable conclusions we make
mathematical calculations of data or either represent them
visually on graphs.

Types of Data
1. Quantitative data
2. Qualitative data
QUANTITATIVE DATA

• Numerical in nature (Numerical content)


• Indicates the quantity of psychological measure
• Associated with experiments and correlations
• Can also be obtained from observations, close ended questionnaires and
interviews.
• Usually large sample size
• Employs strong scientific control
• E.g.
• Strength of a response
• Measurable on scale (time)
• Numerical score on any test (IQ score)
QUANTITATIVE DATA

• Strengths
• Tends to be highly objective
• Data analysis is easy which includes measure of central tendency
and measure of spread.
• Interpretations are easy
• Scales or questioned used are often highly reliable.
• Weaknesses
• The limited responses makes the data less valid (participants can not
give a detailed account on any event)
QUALITATIVE DATA

• Detailed and descriptive in nature (Textual content)


• Indicates quality of psychological characteristics
• More in-depth
• Detailed observations, responses collected from open ended
questionnaires, interviews and case studies
• Usually small sample size
• Lacks scientific control
QUALITATIVE DATA

• Strengths
• The data is more representative of participants behavior hence
making it more valid of his responses.
• Unusual responses by the participants are less likely to get ignored
• Weaknesses
• Interpretations can be subjective hence making a compromise of less
inter rater reliability.
• Less generalizability as data obtained is reflective of only specific
individuals.
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

• M E A S U R E OF C E N T RA L T E N D E N CY
• M E A S U R E OF S P R E AD
MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

• The summary of data into one number that represents the


‘middle’ or ‘typical’ score
• Quantitative analysis
• Types
• Mean
• Median
• Mode
MEAN

• The average of the data


• Used with numerical data from linear scales

For example:
Data: 8,6,8,2,4,3,7,9,2,5
Mean= 8+6+8+2+4+3+7+9+2+5 = 54/10 = 5.4
MEDIAN

• The middle point in the sequence list


• Used with numerical data from linear scale in sequence.
• For odd numbers of participants in data:
3,3,4,4,7,8,8 median is 4
• For even numbers of participants in data:

4,4,4,5,5,5,6,6,9,9,9,10,10,11,12,13
Median will be the sum of 2 middle numbers divided by 2 so
6+9= 15, 15/2=7.5 so 7.5 is median
MODE

• The most frequent score in the data set


• Used with numerical data from linear scale or data from
discrete categories
• If two or more values are equally common then there will be
two or more modes
• For example:
Data: 4,4,3,2,6,7,5,7,6,4,3,4,4,3,6,5,4,4,3,4,4
2=1time, 3=4 times, 4=9 times,
5=2 times, 6=3 times, 7=2 times 4 is the
mode
MEASURE OF SPREAD

• The indicator that tell about how varied the results are within a
data set; are they clustered together or widely spread.
• Data 1: 2,3,4,4,4,7,8 (mean = 4.5)
(median=4)
• Data 2: 1,1,3,4,5,6,12 (mean = 4.5)
(median=4)
• But the both data differ in the width or spread.
• Types
• Range
• Standard deviation
RANGE

A measure of dispersion obtained by subtracting the lowest score


in a distribution from the highest score and then adding 1

Why adding 1?
Sometimes in psychology the variables measured are not in
discreate numeric figure. They are falling somewhere a little
below or above to the maximum or minimum score
So in psychology we measure the gaps between the points and
not only the points
RANGE

For example: Min score = 2


Max score = 4 • If the participants are asked to rate their
current emotions on a scale of 1 to 5 with
1 being very happy and 5 being very sad.
Very happy Very sad
• If someone give the score 2, it means his
emotions are lying somewhere between
1.5 to 2.5. similarly if someone is scoring
4, it means his emotions are somewhere
falling between 3.5 to 4.5.
• So if we simple subtract minimum score
1 2 3 4 5 from maximum score (4-2=2) the spread
of the limit is not counted. That’s why we
add 1 in psychological range. So the range
will be (4-2 = 2, 2 +1=3)

Range
RANGE

Drawbacks of range
• It does not reflects the outliers; its is not clear that the
maximum scores were single odd score or typical of data set.
STANDARD DEVIATION

• As mean can tell us more than mode, similarly standard


deviation (SD) tells us more than range about the spread of
data.
• Rather than looking at the extremes (as we do in range) SD
consider the difference between each data point and mean.
That’s why it is called as ‘deviation’.

• Symbol: σ
• Abbreviation: S or SD
STANDARD DEVIATION

• The formula of Standard Deviations is

Where
• S = Standard Deviation
• = each score in the data set
• = the mean of the data set (sample mean)

• √ = the square root


ADVANTAGES OF STANDARD
DEVIATION

• It takes every score into account


• Good representation of variance in data set
GRAPHS

Bar charts
Histograms
Scatter graphs
GRAPHS

• Graphs are the visual illustrations of data


• Layout
• The graph should be slightly wider than it is tall.
• Values should increase from left to right on the x-axis and
from bottom to top on the y-axis.
BAR CHARTS

• Bar charts are generally used to present and compare the


mean scores for two or more groups, categories or conditions.
• The bars in the bar charts must be separated because x-axis
represents distinct categories instead of continuous linear
scale.
• For results from an experiment, the levels of IV goes to the
bottom (x-axis) and DV goes on the y-axis
BAR CHARTS

Number of participants

choice of happy face


making the choice

0
Face A Face B Face C Face D

Choice of happy faces

choice of happy face


HISTOGRAMS

• Histograms are used to show the pattern in a whole data set


where the data is continuous instead of categories.
• It illustrates the distribution of a set of scores.
• DV is plotted on x-axis and IV is plotted on y-axis
• As the DV is a continuous measure, the bars are linked with
each other (unlike in bar graphs)
HISTOGRAMS
SCATTER GRAPHS

• Scatter graphs are used to present relationships between


quantitative variables when the variable on the x-axis
(typically the independent variable) has a large number of
levels.
• Each point in a scatterplot represents an individual rather than
the mean for a group of individuals, and there are no lines
connecting the points.
• The straight line that best fits the points in the scatterplot,
which is called the regression line, can also be included.
• Correlations are symbolized as r (Pearson’s Coefficient)
• Range is +1 to -1
SCATTER GRAPHS

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
SCATTER GRAPHS

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
SCATTER GRAPHS

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

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