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    Ch 7_ 3D Object Representation

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    Ch 7_ 3D Object Representation

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    2 views24 pages

    Ch 7_ 3D Object Representation

    Uploaded by

    dejenehundaol91
    lecture

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Computer Graphics

    Chapter 7
    3D Object Representation

    1
    3D Object Representation
     A surface can be analytically y = f(x,z)
    generated using its function
    involving the coordinates.
    x y z ...
     An object can be represented in
    terms of its vertices, edges and
    polygons. (Wire Frame, Polygonal
    Mesh etc.)
     Curves and surfaces can also be
    designed using splines by specifying
    a set of few control points.

    2
    Solid Modeling - Polyhedron
     A polyhedron is a connected mesh of simple planar polygons that
    encloses a finite amount of space.
     A polyhedron is a special case of a polygon mesh that satisfies the
    following properties:
     Every edge is shared by exactly two faces.
     At least three edges meet at each vertex.
     Faces do not interpenetrate. Faces at most touch along a common

    edge.
     Euler’s formula : If F, E, V represent the number of faces, vertices and
    edges of a polyhedron, then
    V + F  E = 2.

    3
    3D Object Representation
     The data for polygonal meshes can be
    represented in two ways.
     Method 1:
     Vertex List
     Normal List
     Face List (Polygon List)

     Method 2:
     Vertex List
     Edge List
     Face List (Polygon List)

    4
    Vertices and Faces - E.g. Cube
    2 5 4
    3

    1 0

    5
    6
    7

    2 3
    4

    Vertex Index

    Face Index
    5
    Data representation using vertex, face and normal lists:

    Vertex List Normal List Polygon List

    30 30 30 0.0 0.0 1.0 0 1 2 3


    -30 30 30 0.0 0.0 -1.0 4 7 6 5
    -30 -30 30 0.0 1.0 0.0 0 4 5 1
    30 -30 30 -1.0 0.0 0.0 1 5 6 2
    30 30 -30 0.0 -1.0 0.0 2 6 7 3
    -30 30 -30 1.0 0.0 0.0 3 7 4 0
    -30 -30 -30
    30 -30 -30

    6
    Data representation using vertex, face and edge lists:

    Vertex List Edge List Polygon List


    x[i] y[i] z[i] L[j] M[j] P[k] Q[k] R[k] S[k]

    30 30 30 0 1 0 1 2 3
    -30 30 30 1 2 4 7 6 5
    -30 -30 30 2 3 0 4 5 1
    30 -30 30 3 0 1 5 6 2
    30 30 -30 4 5 2 6 7 3
    -30 30 -30 5 6 3 7 4 0
    -30 -30 -30 6 7
    30 -30 -30 7 4
    0 4
    1 5
    2 6
    3 7

    7
    Normal Vectors (OpenGL)
    Assigning a normal vector to a polygon:

    glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
    glNormal3f(xn,yn,zn);
    glVertex3f(x1,y1,z1);
    glVertex3f(x2,y2,z2);
    glVertex3f(x3,y3,z3);
    glVertex3f(x4,y4,z4);
    glEnd();

    Enabling automatic conversion of normal vectors to unit vectors:

    glEnable(GL_NORMALIZE);

    A unit vector is a vector with length of 1 unit.


    8
    Regular Polyhedra (Platonic Solids)
     If all the faces of a polyhedron are identical, and each is a
    regular polygon, then the object is called a platonic solid.
     Only five such objects exist.

    9
    Wire-Frame Models

     If the object is defined only by a set of nodes (vertices), and a


    set of lines connecting the nodes, then the resulting object
    representation is called a wire-frame model.
     Very suitable for engineering applications.
     Simplest 3D Model - easy to construct.
     Easy to clip and manipulate.
     Not suitable for building realistic models.

    10
    Wire Frame Models - OpenGL

    Some Wireframe Models in OpenGL:


    Cube: glutWireCube(Gldouble size);
    Sphere: glutWireSphere(…);
    Torus: glutWireTorus(…);
    Teapot: glutWireTeapot(Gldouble size);
    Cone: glutWireCone(…);

    (…) Refer text for list of arguments.

    11
    Wire Frame Model - The
    Teapot

    12
    Polygonal Mesh
     Three-dimensional surfaces and solids can be approximated by a set of
    polygonal and line elements. Such surfaces are called polygonal meshes.
     The set of polygons or faces, together form the “skin” of the object.
     This method can be used to represent a broad class of solids/surfaces in
    graphics.
     A polygonal mesh can be rendered using hidden surface removal algorithms.
    (to determine what surfaces and part of surfaces can be seen from a
    particular viewing angle)

    13
    Polygonal Mesh - Example

    14
    Solid Modeling
     Polygonal meshes can be used in solid modeling.
     An object is considered solid if the polygons fit together to
    enclose a space.
     In solid models, it is necessary to incorporate directional
    information on each face by using the normal vector to the plane
    of the face, and it is used in the shading process.

    15
    Solid Modeling - Example

    16
    Solid Modeling - OpenGL

    Some predefined Solid Models in OpenGL:


    Cube: glutSolidCube(Gldouble size);
    Sphere: glutSolidSphere(…);
    Torus: glutSolidTorus(…);
    Teapot: glutSolidTeapot(Gldouble size);
    Cone: glutSolidCone(…);

    (…) Arguments same as wire-frame models.

    17
    Surface of Revolution
     A surface of revolution is obtained by revolving a curve (known
    as the base curve or profile curve) about an axis.
     In other words, a surface of revolution is generated by a
    rotational sweep of a 2D curve.
     The symmetry of the surface of revolution makes it a very useful
    object in presentation graphics.

    18
    Surface of Revolution
    Y

    y = f(x)

    y = f(r)

    y y

    x
    r X

    (x, z)

    Z 2 2
    r  x z
    19
    Surface of Revolution

    The three-dimensional surface obtained by revolving the curve y = f(x) about the y-axis is
    obtained by replacing x with sqrt(x*x + z*z).
    The surface of revolution is thus given by

    y f  x2  z2 

    20
    Surface of Revolution

    sin( x)  2 2 
    y sin  x  z 
    x  
    y
    2 2
    x z
    21
    Quad trees

    Quad trees are generated by successively dividing a 2-D
    region(usually a square) into quadrants.

    Each node in the quadtree has 4 data elements, one for each of
    the quadrants in the region.

    If all the pixels within a quadrant have the same color (a
    homogeneous quadrant), the corresponding data element in the
    node stores that color.

    For a heterogeneous region of space, the successive divisions into
    quadrants continues until all quadrants are homogeneous.

    22
    Octrees
     An octree encoding scheme divide regions of 3-D space(usually a
    cube) in to octants and stores 8 data elements in each node of the
    tree.
     Individual elements of a 3-D space are called volume elements or
    voxels.
     When all voxels in an octant are of the same type, this type value is
    stored in the corresponding data element of the node. Any
    heterogeneous octant is subdivided into octants and the
    corresponding data element in the node points to the next node in
    the octree.

    23
    Octrees

    24

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