CS6004NI

Application Development
samyush
Samyush.maharjan@islingtoncollege.edu.np
https://github.com/Samyush
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C# Langauge
C# Language
● C# ● Java
1. using System; 1. import java.util.ArrayList;

2. namespace HelloWorld
2. class HelloWorld {
3. {
4. class Program 3. public static void main(String[] args) {
5. { 4. System.out.println("Hello, World!");
6. static void Main(string[] args)
5. }
7. {
8. Console.WriteLine("Hello World!"); 6. }
9. }
10. }
11. }

https://github.com/Samyush

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C# Syntax
Comments, Statements, and Blocks
1. // Single-line comments look like this

2. /*
3. Multi-line comments look like this
4. */

5. using System; // a semicolon indicates the end of a statement

6. namespace HelloWorld
7. { // an open brace indicates the start of a block
8. class Program
9. {
10. static void Main(string[] args)
11. {
12. Console.WriteLine("Hello World!"); // a statement
13. }
14. }
15. } // a close brace indicates the end of a block

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C# Syntax
Top-level Statement (C# 9.0)
● Before C# 9.0 (.NET 5) Top-level Statement Rules:
1. using System;

2. namespace HelloWorld ● Only one top-level statement in one

3. {
4. class Program compilation unit.
5. {
6. static void Main(string[] args) ● The program cannot have a declared entry
7. {
8. Console.WriteLine("Hello World!"); point (Main method).
9. }
10. } ● The top-level statements cannot be
11. }
enclosed in a namespace.
● After C# 9.0 (.NET 5)
1. using System;
● Additional types can be declared only after

2. Console.WriteLine("Hello World!"); all top-level statements.

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Naming Identifiers
An identifier can: An identifier cannot:
● start with an _ (underscore) ● start with a digit
● contain underscores ● start with a symbol, unless it is a keyword.
● contain digits (0123456789) E.g. @public
● contain upper and lower case letters (case ● contain more than 511 characters
sensitive) ● contain @ sign after its first character
● start with an @ sign
○ used when using a keyword as an
identifier. E.g. @public
○ otherwise @name is same as name
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Naming Conventions
Naming Convention Examples Used for
Local variables,
email, userName, dateOfBirth,
Camel case private/internal fields
_userService
(prefix them with _)
Types (class, interface,
Email, UserName, DateOfBirth, record etc.), non-private
Title / Pascal case fields, and other members
IUserService
like methods

Read more on Naming Conventions

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C# Variables
C# Variables
Storing Text
● char

A char is assigned using ' (single quotes) around a Unicode UTF-16 character as value.
1. char letter = 'A';
2. char digit = '1';
3. char symbol = '@';

● string
A string is assigned using " (double quotes) around zero or more characters value.
○ Literal string
1. string firstName = "John";
2. string lastName = "Doe";
3. string textWithDoubleQuote = "This \"text\" has double quotes";
4. string phoneNumber = "+977 980-0000000";
5. string filePath = "C:\\projects\\HelloWorld\\README.md";
6. string multiLineText = "The quick brown fox \njumps over the lazy dog";

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C# Variables
Storing Text
○ Verbatim string
1. string filePath = @"C:\projects\HelloWorld\README.md";
2. string multiLineText = @"The quick brown fox
3. jumps over the lazy dog";
4. // without @ prefix, throws an error

○ Interpolated string
5. string firstName = "John";
6. string lastName = "Doe";
7. string fullName = $"{firstName} {lastName}";

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C# Variables
Storing Numbers
● Integral numeric types
1. // integer means negative or positive whole number, -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
2. int positiveNumber = 12;
3. int negativeNumber = -12;

4. // unsigned integer means positive whole number, 0 to 4,294,967,295

5. uint naturalNumber = 12;

6. // Digit Separators
7. int billion = 1_000_000_000;
8. // other integer types: sbyte, byte, short, ushort, long, ulong, nint, nuint

Other integer types: sbyte, byte, short, ushort, long, ulong, etc.

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C# Variables
Storing Numbers
● Implicit Casting (automatically)
● Floating-point numeric types char -> int -> long -> float -> double
1. // f or F suffix is required for a float literal int myInt = 9;
2. float realNumber = 2.3f;
// Automatic casting: int to double
3. // float are accurate up to 7 decimal places
4. float floatPrecision = 1F/3; // => 0.33333334 double myDouble = myInt;

5. // d or D suffix is optional for double literal ● Explicit Casting (manually)

6. double anotherRealNumber = 2.3; double -> float -> long -> int -> char
7. // double are accurate up to 16 decimal places double myDouble = 9.78;
8. double doublePrecision = 1D/3; // => 0.3333333333333333
// Manual casting: double to int
9. // m or M suffix is required for a double literal int myInt = (int) myDouble;
10. decimal myMoney = 1_000.5m;
11. // decimal are accurate up to 29 decimal places
12. decimal decimalPrecision = 1M/3; // => 0.3333333333333333333333333333

Note: C# implicitly types non-floating-point numbers as an int and floating-point numbers as a double.
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C# Variables
Storing Numbers
● Floating-point numeric types
1. // f or F suffix is required for a float literal
2. float realNumber = 2.3f;
3. // float are accurate up to 7 decimal places
4. float floatPrecision = 1F/3; // => 0.33333334

5. // d or D suffix is optional for double literal

6. double anotherRealNumber = 2.3;
7. // double are accurate up to 16 decimal places
8. double doublePrecision = 1D/3; // => 0.3333333333333333

9. // m or M suffix is required for a double literal

10. decimal myMoney = 1_000.5m;
11. // decimal are accurate up to 29 decimal places
12. decimal decimalPrecision = 1M/3; // => 0.3333333333333333333333333333

Note: C# implicitly types non-floating-point numbers as an int and floating-point numbers as a double.
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C# Variables
Storing Boolean
Booleans can only contain one of the two literal values true or false.
1. bool weekday = true;
2. bool weekend = false;

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C# Variables
Inferring the Types
● var
1. var myMoney = 1_000.5m; // decimal
2. var lastName = "Doe"; // string
3. var letter = 'A'; // char
4. var weekday = true; // bool

● object
1. object height = 1.83; // storing a double in an object
2. object name = "John"; // storing a string in an object
3. string nameStr = (string)name; // we must explicitly cast to tell compiler it is a string

● dynamic
1. dynamic age = 25; // storing a int in an object
2. dynamic letter = 'A'; // storing a char in an object
3. char letterChar = letter; // no need to explicitly cast to tell compiler it is a char

Note: The flexibility comes at the cost of performance, avoid using object or dynamic .
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C# Variables
Default Values for Types
1. // all number types have default value of 0
2. int naturalNumber = default; // => 0
3. decimal realNumber = default; // => 0

4. bool weekday = default; // => false

5. // char type have default value of '\u0000', which is decimal equivalent is 0.

6. char weekday = default; // => '\u0000'

7. // Any reference type have default value of null

8. string name = default; // => null

9. DateTime dateTime = default; // => 01/01/0001 00:00:00

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C# Variables
What type would you choose for the following "numbers"?
● A book's title
● A person's height
● A person's telephone number
● A person's age
● A person's salary

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C# Variables
What type would you choose for the following "numbers"?
● A book's title → string
● A person's height → float, double
● A person's telephone number → string
● A person's age → int
● A person's salary → decimal

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Continuation on Week 2 ….

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C# Arrays
C# Arrays
Creating Arrays
1. string[] names; // can reference any size array of strings
2. names = new string[2]; // allocating memory for four strings in an array
3. names[0] = "John"; // storing John at 0 positions
4. names[1] = "Jack"; // storing Tom at 1 positions

5. string[] names2 = { "John", "Jack" };

6. // implicitly-typed array
7. var a = new[] { 1, 10, 100, 1_000, 10_000 }; // int[]
8. var b = new[] { "hello", null, "world" }; // string[]

9. // accessing array elements by index position

10. Console.WriteLine(names[2]); // => Tom
11. Console.WriteLine(a[4]); // => 10000
12. Console.WriteLine(b[^3]); // => hello

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C# Arrays
Jagged Arrays (Array of Arrays)
1. var jaggedArray = new int[][]
2. {
3. new int[] { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 },
4. new int[] { 0, 2, 4, 6 },
5. new int[] { 11, 22 }
6. };

7. Console.WriteLine(jaggedArray[1][3]); // 6

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C# Arrays
Multidimensional Arrays
1. // Two-dimensional array.
2. var array2D = new int[,] { { 1, 2 }, { 3, 4 }, { 5, 6 }, { 7, 8 } };
3. Console.WriteLine(array2D[2,1]); // => 6

4. // Three-dimensional array with dimensions specified.

5. var array3D = new int[2, 2, 3] {
6. { { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5, 6 } },
7. { { 7, 8, 9 }, { 10, 11, 12 } }
8. };
9. Console.WriteLine(array3D[1,0,2]); // => 9

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C# Arrays
Useful Array Methods
1. var a = new[] { 1, 10, 100, 1_000, 10_000 }; // int[]
2. var b = new[] { "hello", null, "world" }; // string[]

3. // length of an array
4. Console.WriteLine(a.Length); // => 5
5. // check if array contains a value
6. Console.WriteLine(b.Contains("hello")); // => true

7. Array.Reverse(b);
8. Console.WriteLine(b[0]); // => world

Useful Array methods using System.Linq namespace:

9. using System.Linq;

10. var numbers = new[] { 10, 100, 10_000, 1_000, 1 }; // int[]

11. Console.WriteLine(a.Min()); // => 1
12. Console.WriteLine(a.Max()); // => 10000
13. Console.WriteLine(a.Sum()); // => 11111

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C# Console App
C# Console App
Creating and Running a Console App
● Using Visual Studio IDE
● Using CLI
○ Creating a Console App
■ dotnet new console -n HelloWorld --framework net6.0
○ Running the App
■ cd HelloWorld
■ dotnet run

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C# Console App
Console Output
● Content of Project.cs
1. // See https://aka.ms/new-console-template for more information
2. Console.WriteLine("Hello, World!");

● Formatting the Output

○ Using numbered positional arguments
1. Console.WriteLine(format: "Hello {0}, Happy {1}!", arg0: name, arg1: occasion);
2. // or
3. Console.WriteLine("Hello {0}, Happy {1}!", name, occasion);

○ Using interpolated strings

4. Console.WriteLine($"Hello {name}, Happy {occasion}!");

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C# Console App
Console User Input
● Getting text input from the user
1. // Getting text input from the user
2. Console.Write("Type your first name and press ENTER: ");
3. string? firstName = Console.ReadLine();
4. Console.Write("Type your age and press ENTER: ");
5. string? age = Console.ReadLine();

6. Console.WriteLine( $"Hello {firstName}, you look good for {age}.");

● Getting key input from the user (Console.ReadKey)

1. Console.Write("Press any key combination: ");
2. ConsoleKeyInfo key = Console.ReadKey();

3. Console.WriteLine();
4. Console.WriteLine($"Key: {key.Key}, Char: {key.KeyChar}, Modifiers: {key.Modifiers}");

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C# Console App
Passing arguments to a console app
● Passing arguments to a console app
○ Visual Studio
■ Navigate to Project > Arguments Properties, select the Debug tab
■ In the Application arguments box, enter some arguments:

firstarg second-arg third:arg "fourth arg"

■ Save the changes
■ Run the console app
○ CLI
■ Navigate to project folder in a Terminal
■ Run the console app with arguments:

dotnet run firstarg second-arg third:arg "fourth arg"

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C# Console App
Accessing arguments passed to a console app
● In the Project.cs
1. …
2. static void Main(string[] args)
3. {
4. Console.WriteLine($"There are {args.Length} arguments.");
5. Console.WriteLine($"First arg: {args[0]} and last arg: {args[^1]}.");
6. }
7. …

or using Top-level Statement (C# 9.0)

8. using System;

9. Console.WriteLine($"There are {args.Length} arguments.");

10. Console.WriteLine($"First arg: {args[0]} and last arg: {args[^1]}.");

Note: if no argument is passed, dotnet will throw an error

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APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

December 29, 2024 CU****** APPLIED MACHINE LEARNING 32