ANTOLOGY OF

ENGLISH
MADE FOR: KEVIN EMMANUEL MEJIA ESPINOZA.
GRUPO COLEGIO MEXIQUENSE
ADMINISTRACIÓN Y GESTIÓN EMPRESARIAL
PRESENT SIMPLE
USAGE OF PRESENT SIMPLE

• The simple present is mainly used to express habitual actions or routines—things people
do regularly or repeatedly. It’s also used to describe facts and general truths, like
scientific laws or situations that are always true. Additionally, this tense can express
permanent states, meaning situations or characteristics that don’t change over time,
such as where someone lives or family relationships.

• This tense can also be used to talk about scheduled events or things that follow a fixed
timetable, especially in contexts where something is expected to happen at a specific
time in the future, like the departure of transportation.

• Regarding structure, the simple present changes in its form for the third-person singular
(he, she, it), where the verb is modified, usually by adding an "s" at the end. For negative
and interrogative sentences, the auxiliaries "do" and "does" are used.
 STRUCTURE OF PRESENT SIMPLE

• 1. General Structure

• In the simple present, the basic sentence structure slightly changes between affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms. The
general structure for each type is:

• Affirmative sentence: Subject + Verb in its base form

• Negative sentence: Subject + do not (don't) / does not (doesn't) + Verb in its base form

• Interrogative sentence: Do / Does + Subject + Verb in its base form

• 2. Third-Person Singular

• In the simple present, when using the pronouns he, she, or it (third-person singular), the verb usually takes an "s" at the end. This
rule only applies to affirmative sentences.

• There are some specific rules for adding the "s":

• Verbs ending in -ch, -sh, -x, -s, or -o add -es instead of just "s."

• Verbs ending in a consonant + "y" change the "y" to -ies.

 EXAMPLES

Affirmative Sentences
Structure: Subject + Base form of the verb Interrogative Sentences
Example: I read books. Structure: Do/Does + Subject +
For the third-person singular (he, she, it), -s or -es is added to the
Base form of the verb
verb: Examples:
Example: He reads books. •Do you speak English?
Rules for adding -s or -es: •Does he speak English?
•Most verbs simply add -s: He works, she plays. Note: For third-person questions, we
•If the verb ends in -ch, -sh, -x, -s, -o, add -es: He watches, she use "does" and keep the verb in its
Negative
goes. Sentences
Structure: base form (without "s").
•If the verbSubject + Do/Does + Not + Base form of the verb
ends in a consonant + y, change the "y" to -ies: study
Examples:
→ studies.
•I do not (don’t) like fish.
•She does not (doesn’t) like fish.
Note: We use "does not" for third-person singular (he, she, it) and
"do not" for the other subjects
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
 USES OF THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

• Actions Happening Right Now: The present continuous is used for actions that are occurring at the moment of
speaking.
Example: I am studying now.

• Temporary Actions: It describes actions that are happening around the present time but may not be happening
exactly at this moment.
Example: She is working on a project this week.

• Planned Future Events: The present continuous can be used for planned or arranged events in the near future.
Example: They are meeting us tomorrow.

• Changing Situations: It’s also used to indicate actions that show gradual change or development.
Example: The weather is getting colder.
GRAMMAR OF THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS
TENSE
Structure:
•Affirmative: Subject + am/is/are + verb with -ing
•Example: He is playing soccer.
•Negative: Subject + am not / is not / are not + verb with -ing
•Example: They are not watching TV.
•Interrogative: Am/Is/Are + subject + verb with -ing
•Example: Are you going to the store?

Notes on Forming the "-ing":

1.If the verb ends in e, drop the "e" and add -ing.
•Example: make → making
2.For verbs with a single vowel + single consonant (like run), double the consonant and add -ing.
•Example: run → running
3.If the verb ends in -ie, change -ie to -y and add -ing.
•Example: die → dying
• 1. Study
• 2. Cook • 3. Watch
• Affirmative: She is studying for
• Affirmative: They are cooking dinner.
her exam. •Affirmative: He is watching a movie.
• Negative: They are not cooking dinner.
• Negative: She is not studying for
•Negative: He is not watching a movie.
her exam. • Interrogative: Are they cooking dinner?

•4. Interrogative:
Write Is she studying for5. Play •Interrogative: Is he watching a movie?
•Affirmative: I am writing a report.
her exam? •Affirmative: 6. Drive
We are playing soccer.
•Negative: I am not writing a report.
•Affirmative: You are driving to work
•Negative: We are not playing soccer.
•Interrogative: Am I writing a report?
•Negative: You are not driving to wo
•Interrogative: Are we playing soccer?
•Interrogative: Are you driving to wo
PAST SIMPLE
 USES OF THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE

•Completed Actions in the Past: The past simple is used to describe actions that started and finished in the past
at a specific time.
•Example: She visited Paris last year.

•Series of Completed Actions: It can describe a sequence of past actions, often in storytelling.
•Example: He entered the room, turned on the light, and sat down.

•Duration in the Past: It’s used for actions that lasted for a certain period but are now completed.
•Example: They lived in Canada for five years.

•Past Habits: It can describe habits or repeated actions in the past (similar to "used to").
•Example: We often played outside when we were kids.

•Past Facts or Generalizations: It’s used for facts or general statements about the past.
•Example: People didn’t have smartphones in the 90s.
GRAMMAR OF THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE

• Structure:

1. Affirmative: Subject + past form of the verb

1. For regular verbs, add -ed to the base form (e.g., walk → walked).
2. For irregular verbs, use the specific past form (e.g., go → went).
3. Example: She played soccer.

2. Negative: Subject + did not (didn't) + base form of the verb

1. Use "did not" or the contraction "didn't" followed by the base form of the verb.
2. Example: They did not (didn’t) finish the project.

3. Interrogative: Did + subject + base form of the verb

1. Use "did" at the beginning, followed by the subject and the base form of the verb.
2. Example: Did you see the movie?
 EXAMPLES

1. Visit
2. Watch
•Affirmative: She visited her 3. Play
•Affirmative: They watched a
grandmother last weekend. •Affirmative: He played
movie last night.
•Negative: She did not visit her soccer with his friends.
•Negative: They did not watch a
grandmother last weekend. •Negative: He did not play
movie last night.
•Interrogative: Did she visit her soccer with his friends.
•Interrogative: Did they watch a
grandmother last weekend? •Interrogative: Did he
movie last night?
play soccer with his
4. Study
5. Cook friends?
•Affirmative: I studied 6. Go
for the exam yesterday. •Affirmative: We cooked •Affirmative: They went to the
•Negative: I did not dinner together. beach last summer.
study for the exam •Negative: We did not cook •Negative: They did not go to the
yesterday. dinner together. beach last summer.
•Interrogative: Did •Interrogative: Did we cook •Interrogative: Did they go to the
you study for the exam dinner together? beach last summer?
yesterday?
PAST CONTINUOUS
USES OF THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

1. Ongoing Actions in the Past: The past continuous describes actions that were in progress at a
specific moment in the past.
1. Example: She was reading a book at 8 p.m.

2. Interrupted Actions: It’s used to indicate that a longer action was interrupted by a shorter action
in the past, often in combination with the past simple.
1. Example: I was watching TV when the phone rang.

3. Simultaneous Actions: It describes two or more actions happening at the same time in the past.
1. Example: While he was studying, she was cooking dinner.

4. Background Description in Stories: The past continuous is often used to set the scene or
describe the background in stories.
1. Example: The sun was shining, and the birds were singing.
 GRAMMAR OF THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

• structure:

1.Affirmative: Subject + was/were + verb with - Forming the "-ing":

ing 1.For verbs ending in -e, drop the "e" and add -
1. Example: She was playing soccer. ing.
2.Negative: Subject + was not (wasn’t) / were 1. Example: make → making
not (weren’t) + verb with -ing 2.For verbs with a single vowel + single
consonant, double the consonant and add -ing.
1. Example: They were not (weren’t) playing soccer.
1. Example: run → running
3.Interrogative: Was/Were + subject + verb with 3.For verbs ending in -ie, change "ie" to -y and
-ing add -ing.
1. Example: Were you playing soccer? 1. Example: lie → lying
 EXAMPLES

1. Work 2. Play 3. Watch

•Affirmative: She was •Affirmative: They were •Affirmative: He was watching
working on her project all playing soccer in the park. TV when I called.
night. •Negative: They were not •Negative: He was not (wasn’t)
•Negative: She was not (weren’t) playing soccer in the watching TV when I called.
(wasn’t) working on her park. •Interrogative: Was he watching
project all night. •Interrogative: Were they TV when I called?
•Interrogative: Was she playing soccer in the park?
4. Study 5. Cook
working on herI project
•Affirmative: all
was studying for •Affirmative: She was 6. Drive
night?
my exam yesterday evening. •Affirmative: We were
cooking dinner when the
•Negative: I was not (wasn’t) guests arrived. driving to the beach during
studying for my exam yesterday •Negative: She was not the storm.
evening. (wasn’t) cooking dinner •Negative: We were not
•Interrogative: Were you when the guests arrived. (weren’t) driving to the beach
studying for your exam yesterday •Interrogative: Was she during the storm.
evening? cooking dinner when the •Interrogative: Were we
driving to the beach during