TOPOGRAPHIC

ANATOMY OF THE
HEAD
• TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE HEAD
• The head is subdivided into two following departments: the brain and
facialohes. They are shared by line from the glabella to the supraorbital
edge along the zygomatic arch to the outer ear canal.
• The brain part consists of fornix and base of the skull. The fornix is
divided into fronto- parieto-occipital region, paired temporal and
mastoid area.
• The facial region consists of frontal and lateral area. Regions of the
frontal area include nasal, orbital, oral, mental regions. Regions of the
lateral area include buccal and parotideomasseteric regions.
• FRONTO-PARIETO-OCCIPITAL REGION
• Borders:
• - in front– supraorbital edge of the frontal bone;
• - behind – external occipital protuberance and the upper nuchal line;
• - sideways – superior temporal line.
LAYERS:
1. SKIN - thick, inactive, connected with aponeurosis by connective tissue bridges. 2.
SUBCUTANEOUS FAT CELL (SC) - is divided into cells by these connective tissue bridges,
superficial arteries and veins pass here. 3. TENDON HELMET - consists of muscular and dense
tendon parts (aponeurosis). 4. SUB-NEUROTIC FIBER - loose, easily exfoliates. 5. PERIOSTONE -
separated from the bone by a layer of subperiosteal fiber, fuses with the bone at the sutures.
6. SUBPEROCOSTAL FIBER - limited to one bone. 7. BONE - consists of 3 layers: outer compact
plate; diploetic substance (diploe); internal compact plate (vitreous).
• In the subcutaneous tissue of the frontal region are:
• - supratrochlearis;
• - supraorbitalis;
• - ophthalmica-branch of the internal carotid artery system.
• Frontal-parietal-occipital region Neurovascular bundles:
• frontal – medial and lateral: a., v. et n. supratrochlearis a., v. et n.
supraorbitalis
• temporal – anterior and posterior: a. et v. temporalis superficialis n.
auriculotemporalis
• occipital: a. et v. occipitalis n. occipitalis major
• retroauricular: a. et vv. auricularis posterior n. occipitalis minor
Lymphatic vessels:
• nodi lymphatici parotidei
• nodi lymphatici retroauriculares
• nodi lymphatici occipitales
• TEMPORAL REGION Borders:
• - from above and behind − superior temporal line;
• - from below − zygomatic arch;
• - in front − the frontal process of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic
process of the frontal bone.
• Layers:
• I. The skin is thin. It is covered with hair. The skin is innervated by n.
auriculotemporalis, n. zygomaticotemporalis and n. occipitalis minor.
• II. Subcutaneous layer is small. It consist of: - mm. auricularis anterior et
superior; - a./v./n. temporalis superficialis; - n. zygomaticotemporalis; -
a./v. auricularis posterior; - n. occipitalis minor.
• MASTOID REGION
• Borders:
• - in front − line of attachment of the ear;
• - from above − line of the extension of the zygomatic arch;
• - from below and sideways – line corresponds to the outline of the
mastoid process, which can be probed through the skin.
• Layers: 1. The skin is thin. It is covered with hair in the posterior part of
the area. The skin is spliced with the deeper tissues. 2. The
subcutaneous tissue. There are: - a. auricularis posterior; - v. auricularis
posterior; - lymphatic vessels and nodes (nodi lymphatici mastoidei,
which are linked with lymph from the auricle and parietal area); - n.
auricularis magnus; - n. occipitalis minor; - m. auricularis posterior,
which are innervated by n. auricularis posterior, branch of n. facialis.
• The superficial fascia forms a fascial sheath for m. auricularis posterior.
The own fascia is the extension of the tendon helmet. It extends to the
neck where is involved into the formation of the sheath for m.
sternocleidomastoideus, m. trapezius and venter posterior of m.
digastricus. The interfascial cellular space is localized between m.
trapezius and venter posterior of m. digastricus. The interfascial cellular
space goes into the lateral triangle of the neck and into the sheath of m.
sternocleidomastoideus.
• The borders of the mastoid process: - in front − a vertical line from the
top of the mastoid process through the mastoid spina suprameatum
(spine of Henle) on the posterior edge of the outer ear canal; - behind −
crista mastoidea; - from above − the horizontal line is the extension of
the zygomatic arch.
• Mastoid region
• Regio mastoidea location layers boundaries (correspond to the contour of the ( mastoid
process): mastoid process
• a triangle with a base upwards surface anatomy:
• skin – thinner and firm fixed
• subcutaneous tissue – less prominent:
• m. auricularis posterior
• a. et vv. auriculares posteriores
• nodi lymphatici auriculares postt.
• fascia – thinner end portion of epicranial aponeurosis (galea aponeurotica) periosteum –
firm fixed
• trepanation triangle (triangle of Chipault)
• sigmoid sinus; facial canal
• bone – mastoid process (mastoid air cells and mastoid antrum )
• mastoiditis
• area of:
• pinna or auricle, auricula
• ear canal, meatus acusticus externus surface anatomy – auricle:
• thin skin with fine hairs
• perichondrium
• elastic fibrocartilage
• rudimentary muscles
• sensory innervation: trigeminal nerve facial nerve glossopharyngeal and
vagus nerves cervical plexus
• SIDE AREA OF FACE
• Borders: - from above − the zygomatic arch and the lower edge of the
orbit; - from below − the lower edge of the lower jaw; - in front −
nasobuccal fold and nasolabial fold; - behind − the rear edge of the lower
jaw. Side area of face is divided into buccal and parotideomasseteric
regions by line of the anterior margin of the masseter muscle.
• The facial branches:
• - inferior labial artery;
• - superior labial artery;
• - lateral nasal branch to nasalis
muscle;
• - angular artery − the terminal
branch.
• The branches:
• - rr. palpebrales inferiores innervate the skin of the lower eyelid;
• - rr. nasales externi innervate the skin of the nose ;
• - rr. labiales superiores innervate the skin of the upper lip, form the
socalled small goose leg, pes anserinus minor.
 FRONTAL-PARIETO-OCPITAL REGION (MENINGES)

8.EPIDURAL SPACE
9. DURABLE MINDING - forms venous sinuses.
10.SUBDURAL SPACE
11. ASPECTANIC MEMBRANE - avascular, forms
Pachyon granulations.
12. SUBARACHNOIDAL SPACE - filled with CSF.
13. SOFT MEMBRANE (VASCULAR) - covers the
substance of the brain, enters the gyrus.
14. BRAIN SUBSTANCE

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• Zygomatic region
• Bone fractures location layers boundaries – boundaries of the –
zygomatic bone surface anatomy – layers:
• skin – thin and fine subcutaneous tissue – abundant adipose tissue
• muscle layer: orbicularis oculi muscle zygomaticus major and minor
muscles
• innervation: infraorbital nerve zygomaticofacial nerve os zygomaticum
bipartitum et multipartitum (os japonicum)
• Infraorbital region
• boundaries superior – infraorbital margin inferior – gingivobuccal fold
medial – nasolabial sulcus lateral – zygomatic region surface anatomy –
layers: skin – thin and fine subcutaneous tissue – well developed fat
tissue sensory nerves – infraorbital nerve motor nerves – rr. buccales n.
facialis facial artery and vein anastomoses muscle layer: m. orbicularis
oculi m. caninus m. levator labii superioris m. levator labii sup. alaeque
nasi bone ground – fossa canina infraorbital foramen (infraorbital
artery, vein and nerve)
• Buccal region boundaries
• the buccal soft tissue – without bone ground: without bone ground
superior – zygomatic region and infraorbital region inferior – mental
region anterior – oral angle posterior – anterior border of masseter
surface anatomy: skin – fine and pink, hairy subcutaneous tissue –
well-developed and age-varying fat tissue buccal adipose body (Bichat's
fat pad) m. risorius facial artery and vein sensory innervation – n.
buccalis, n. mentalis, n. infraorbitalis motor innervation – rami buccales
n. facialis muscle layer – mm. zygomatici, m. buccinator, fascia
buccopharyngea buccal mucosa – parotid duct eponym – Stenon
(Stensen’s) duct
• Parotid-masseter region
• boundaries: boundaries superior – zygomatic arch inferior –
mandibular base and angle anterior – anterior border of masseter
posterior – external acoustic porus and mastoid process surface
anatomy: skin – relatively thick and hairy subcutaneous tissue –
abundant fat tissue branches of n. auricularis magnus nodi lymphatici
parotidei superficiales et profundi fascia parotidea et masseterica a. et
v. temporalis superficialis, n. auriculotemporalis a. auricularis posterior,
r. auricularis n. facialis ductus parotideus, a. et v. transversa faciei n.
facialis plexus intraparotideus v. retromandibularis carotid bifurcation
– end branches m. masseter a., v. et n. massetericus
• Parotid gland, glandula parotidea (parotis)
• Location – retromandibular fossa: in front – ramus mandibulae, m.
pterygoideus medialis, m. masseter behind – proc. mastoideus, m.
sternocleidomastoideus below – m. stylohyoideus, venter posterior m.
digastrici medial – proc. styloideus, m. styloglossus, m.
stylopharyngeus parotid fascia – superficial and deep laminae end
branches of a. temporalis superficialis n. facialis plexus parotideus
• Oral region
• Regio oralis location structure boundaries: boundaries superior – line of
attachment of nasal septum inferior – mentolabial sulcus lateral –
nasolabial crease lips, labia oris: skin – thin and hairy vermilion border
(reddish area) muscle layer – orbicularis oris muscle oral mucosa –
labial glands, vessels and nerves oral vestibule, vestibulum oris:
vestibulum oris frenula labiorum, superius et inferius parotid papilla
parotid duct