HANDOUT MET05105II

UNIT-5
 POWER TRAINS:
General Arrangement of Clutch, Principle of
Friction clutches, Torque transmitted,
Constructional details, Fluid flywheel, Single plate,
Multi plate and Centrifugal clutches
Gear box: Necessity for gear ratios in
transmission, Synchronous gear boxes, 3,4 and 5
speed gear boxes, Free Wheeling mechanism,
Planetary gears systems, over drives, fluid
coupling and torque converters, Epicyclic gear
box, principle of automatic transmission,
calculation of gear ratios, Numerical calculations
for torque transmission by clutches.
INTRODUCTION
 Machine is a device consisting of various
elements arranged together, so as to
perform the prescribe task to satisfy human
needs
 Machine element is an individual
component or a group of components of a
machine which performs a specific function.
 Its function may be of holding the
components together, to transmit power or
to give supports.
 Depending upon these functions only,
the machine elements are following
types.
i. Machine elements used for holding the
components.
ii. Machine elements used for transmitting

the power.
iii. Machine elements used for support of

other components.
 Machine elements used for holding the
components :-
 These type of machine elements include nuts and
bolts, screw, cotters, keys, couplings, pins, revettes.
 Machine elements used for transmitting the power :-
 Machine elements like gears, shafts, clutches and
brakes, pulleys, belts, chain, sprocket, are used to
transmit power from one place to another.
 Machine elements used for support of other
components:-
 Machine elements like bearings, axles, brackets,
hangers etc. are used to give support to rotating or
stationary members.
POWERTRAIN
 A powertrain is a system inside a vehicle, boat
or another type of machinery. The system is
designed to propel the vehicle forward. In a
car, a powertrain consists of the engine or
motor and its internal components, such as
the energy storage system, transmission and
driveshaft
 The powertrain in a car encompasses several
parts that work together to push a vehicle
forward by creating power from the engine,
which is then sent to the wheels.
The major powertrain components include:

i. Engine: The engine generates the power needed to drive the car,
using pistons that move up and down inside cylinders to start the
combustion process and rotate the crankshaft.
ii. Transmission: Combustion within the engine is converted into

mechanical energy thanks to the crankshaft and transmission,
which uses a range of gears and clutches to adjust the power
according to driving conditions.
iii. Driveshaft: The driveshaft carries torque (rotational force) from

the transmission to the differential.
iv.Differential: The differential is a part of the front- or
rear-axle assemblies and helps a vehicle make turns
effectively. It uses the torque sent from the driveshaft
and sends it to the wheels while also allowing them to
rotate at different speeds.
v. Axles: Axle assemblies are located between the wheels

of a vehicle and help support the weight of a vehicle,
along with transmitting power from the engine to the
wheels
Powertrain systems convert the engine’s power into
motion. The condition of a powertrain dictates how
efficiently this power transfer can occur.
 A damaged or struggling powertrain system can
negatively impact acceleration, handling and
traction, making an uncomfortable and probably
bumpy ride.
 On the contrary, a well-maintained, properly
functioning vehicle powertrain improves the
drivers’ experience. Acceleration is smooth,
Introduction
 A Transmission system uses a clutch, gear box,
propeller shaft and a differential gear to
transmit power from engine to the road wheels
 The power may be transmitted to rear or front
or all four wheels depending on the drive used
 The clutch and gear box varies the ratio of
torque output to torque input
 The propeller shaft transmits final torque to
the rear axle from gear box
 A differential gear equally distributes the
final torque between the road wheels.
Functions of Transmission
System
 It disconnects engine from driving
wheels when required
 The engine is connected to driving
wheels when required
 It changes ratio of torque output to
torque input, as desired
 It turns the drive through a right angle
GEAR TRAIN
 A gear train is a mechanism that is composed of two

or more gear like structures, those gears are like
some disks with teeth at the periphery that mesh
together.
 The prime purpose of the gear train is to increase the
rotational speed or torque. The basic arrangement of
the driver and the driven gears can decide whether
the gear train can enhance its speed or torque.
 For increasing the output of a gear train or increasing
the torque, a power source is needed to be directly
connected to the smaller gears that are used to drive
a larger gear
TYPES OF GEAR TRAINS
 Types of gear trains include simple gear

trains, compound gear trains, epicyclic
gear trains (planetary gear trains),
reverted gear trains, and rack and pinion
gear trains.
 Each type offers unique characteristics
and applications in transmitting
rotational motion and torque efficiently.
 A simple gear train is one of the most basic
and common types of gear trains used for
transmitting rotational motion. It consists of two
or more gears arranged in a series, with each
gear meshing with its adjacent gear.
 Simple gear trains are characterized by parallel
input and output shafts and provide a
straightforward means of achieving specific gear
ratios for speed reduction or increase.
 A compound gear train is a type of gear
train that consists of multiple gears connected
in series with an intermediate shaft.
 It provides increased flexibility in transmitting
power and achieving higher gear ratios
compared to simple gear trains.
 Compound gear trains are commonly used in
various applications, including automotive
transmissions, industrial machinery, and clock
mechanisms, where precise control of speed
and torque is required.
 An epicyclic gear train, also known as
a planetary gear train, is a complex
configuration of gears that enables
versatile and compact power
transmission.
 It consists of a central gear (sun gear),
one or more surrounding gears (planet
gears), and an outer ring gear (annulus).
 A reverted gear train is a specific configuration
of gears where the input and output shafts are in
line with each other. It consists of a series of gears
that mesh with each other in an alternating fashion.
 A rack and pinion is a type of gear mechanism
that converts rotational motion into linear motion or
vice versa. It consists of a linear gear, called a rack,
and a rotating gear, called a pinion
Applications of Gear Train
i. Marine and Propulsion Systems

ii. Power Generation
iii. Aerospace and Aviation
iv. Clocks and Watches
v. Robotics
vi. Industrial Machinery
vii. Automotive Industry

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UNIT-5

ii. Machine elements used for transmitting

iii. Machine elements used for support of

ii. Transmission: Combustion within the engine is converted into

iii. Driveshaft: The driveshaft carries torque (rotational force) from

v. Axles: Axle assemblies are located between the wheels

 A gear train is a mechanism that is composed of two

 Types of gear trains include simple gear

i. Marine and Propulsion Systems

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