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    Ppt of Biomechanics

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    Ppt of Biomechanics

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    Ppt of Biomechanics

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    jerandale22

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    Human Movements

    and Fundamental
    Movements in
    Exercise and Sports
    OBJECTIVES
    1.Defining human movements

    2.Analyzing the fundamental


    movements in exercise and
    sports.
    Human Movements

    The academic study of how


    human beings move around,
    perform and exercise, especially
    in sport.
    What is Movement?
    Movement involves an entity moving
    from point A to point B. The movement is
    carried out around a fixed axis or fulcrum
    and has a direction.
    Anatomical Movements
    It can be defined as the act or instance of
    moving the bodily structures or as the change
    of position in one or more of the joints of the
    body. Joint actions are described in relation to
    the anatomical position which is the universal
    starting position for describing movement.
    • When studying the various joints of the body and
    analyzing their movements it is helpful to
    characterize them according to specific planes of
    motion and their axes. A plane of motion may be
    defined as an imaginary two-dimensional surface
    through which a limb or body segment is moved. In
    the human body there are three planes of motion
    • (Figure 1) in which the various joint movements can
    be classified. Similar to the planes of motion the axes
    of rotation may be considered as a series of
    imaginary lines that run through the body; there are
    also three axes of rotation (Figure 2) where
    movement can occur.
    • (Figure 1) in which the
    various joint movements
    can be classified. Similar
    to the planes of motion
    the axes of rotation may
    be considered as a series
    of imaginary lines that
    run through the body;
    there are also three axes
    of rotation (Figure 2)
    where movement can
    occur.
    Flexion/ Extension

    Flexion, or bending,
    involves decreasing
    the angle between
    the two entities taking
    part in the movement
    (bones or body parts).
    Knee
    Anatomical structures: The tibia of
    the leg moves relative to the femur of
    the thigh.

    Reference axes: The movement is in


    the sagittal plane. The fulcrum is
    provided by the elbow joint, around a
    Extension of leg
    frontal/coronal axis .
    Shoulder
    Anatomical structures: The humerus
    of the arm moves relative to the scapula
    Flexion of arm
    of the shoulder blade.

    Reference axes: The movement is in


    the sagittal plane. The fulcrum is
    provided by the shoulder, or
    glenohumeral joint, around a frontal axis.

    Extension of
    arm
    Shoulder Flexion and Extension
    Neck
    Anatomical structures: The skull
    and cervical vertebrae of the neck
    move relative to the Flexion of neck
    thoracic vertebrae and upper back.

    Reference axes: The ‘fulcrum’ is


    not fixed due to the anatomy and
    movement of the cervical
    vertebrae.

    Extension of neck
    Vertebal Column
    Anatomical structures: The vertebral
    column moves relative to the sacrum and
    hip bone. Flexion of Vertebral
    column

    Reference axes: The movement is in the


    sagittal plane. You can imagine the ‘fulcrum’
    as being loosely through the two hip bones
    and sacrum.

    Extension of
    Vertebral column
    Foot Flexion
    Flexion of the foot is
    referred to as
    dorsiflexion and
    plantarflexion. Both
    movements happen at
    the ankle joint.
    Foot
    Dorsiflexion means flexion of the
    dorsum (top) part of the foot by Dorsiflexion
    reducing the angle between it and the
    anterior surface of the leg.

    Plantarflexion is flexion of the plantar


    (underside) part of the foot by moving
    it down.

    Plantarflexion
    Abduction/ Adduction
    The movements of abduction
    and adduction are intimately
    related to the median plane.
    They both generally occur in the
    frontal plane and are happening
    around an anteroposterior axis.
    Arms and Legs
    Anatomical structures: The arm moves
    relative to the trunk and the shoulder. The leg
    moves relative to the hip.

    Reference axes: The movement is in the


    frontal plane. You can imagine the ‘fulcrum’ as
    axes that pierce the shoulder and the hip
    respectively, each one following in a forward-
    backward trajectory.
    Arms and Legs

    Adduction of arm Adduction of arm Abduction of thigh Aduction of thigh


    Digits
    The digits of the hands and feet are also capable of
    abduction and adduction, but in a slightly specific
    way. The movements are also related to the medial
    plane, but this time to the medial plane of the palm or
    foot, not the body itself.
    Adduction of
    Fingers

    Digits
    Anatomical structures: The digits
    move relative to the third finger of the
    hand or the second toe of the foot.
    These two entities represent the medial
    planes. Abduction of Fingers

    Reference axes: The movement can


    be in multiple planes, depending on the
    orientation of the hand or foot.
    Protrusion/Retrusion

    The movements of protrusion and


    retrusion take place in the sagittal
    plane. Since they are also related to the
    frontal/coronal axis, but instead of only
    moving around it, these movements are
    also taking place parallel to it.
    Mandible

    Protrusion and retrusion of the


    mandible
    Protraction of
    mandible
    Anatomical structures: The
    mandible moves relative to the
    viscerocranium.

    Reference axes: The movement is


    primarily of a 'sliding/gliding' nature,
    and occurs in the sagittal plane.
    Retraction of mandible
    Depression/Elevation

    While protrusion and retrusion


    move anatomical
    structures forward and
    backwards, depression and
    elevation move them down (
    inferiorly) and up (superiorly),
    respectively.
    Mandible
    Anatomical structures: The
    mandible moves relative to the
    viscerocranium Elevation of mandible

    Reference axes: The movement is in


    the frontal plane. It has a ‘fulcrum’
    due to the nature of the
    temporomandibular joint, which is the
    transverse plane passing through the
    two respective joints.
    Depression of
    mandible
    Lateral/Medial Rotation

    Rotation happens in the transverse


    plane around a vertical
    (longitudinal) axis that happens
    relative to the median plane.
    Lateral/medial rotation

    Medial rotation involves


    bringing the anatomical
    structure closer to the
    median plane,
    while lateral
    rotation involves moving
    it further away.
    Head
    Anatomical structures: The
    head turns relative to the trunk.

    Rotation of head
    Reference axes: The movement
    is in the transverse plane. The
    ‘fulcrum’ is the
    longitudinal/vertical axis passing
    up and down through the
    vertebral column and the crown
    of your head. Rotation of
    vertebral column
    Pronation/Supination

    Pronation and supination are


    considered as two special types
    of rotation. They are restricted
    to the forearm and involve the
    radius twisting over the ulna.
    Circumduction

    Circumduction is a special type of


    movement that is actually a combination
    of many other ones. The overall
    movement starts with flexion, followed
    by abduction, extension and
    finally adduction. The result is a circular
    movement.
    Opposition/Reposition

    These two movements


    are restricted to
    the digits of the hand.
    Essentially, they
    involve pinching, such
    as when sprinkling salt
    over food or snapping.
    Opposition/Reposition

    Anatomically
    speaking, opposition involves
    touching the pad of any one of your
    fingers with the thumb of the same
    hand. Reposition is the reverse,
    which consists of separating them.
    Inversion/Eversion

    Inversion and eversion, like abduction


    and adduction, make reference to the
    midline of the body. Turning the sole
    of the foot inward (towards the
    midline) is inversion. Turning the
    sole of the foot outward (away from
    the midline) is eversion.
    Inversion/Eversion

    Inversion of foot Eversion of


    foot
    Deviation
    Deviation is a special type of
    movement that is restricted to
    the wrist joint. The movement happens
    in a longitudinal plane through the
    wrist relative to an axis passing from
    palmar to dorsal through the wrist.
    Ulnar flexion of
    hand

    Deviation

    Anatomical structures: The


    carpal bones move in relation to
    the radius.

    Reference axes: The Radial flexion of hand


    movement is in the longitudinal
    plane through the wrist. The
    ‘fulcrum’ is the palmar to dorsal
    axis passing through the
    capitate bone of the wrist. The
    joint allowing the movement is
    the radiocarpal joint.
    THANK YOU

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