EXOGENIC-PROCESSESWEATHERING

Geomorphic Process
forces that causing the physical

changes and chemical actions on
earth’s materials.
These forces are internal and external
forces.
 Exogenic process-external forces

 Endogenic process-internal forces
EXOGENIC PROCESS
is an external process that occur at or near

the surface of the Earth.
-part of the rock cycle
-responsible for transforming rock into a
sediment
-include degradation processes:
weathering
mass wasting
erosion
transportation
-and aggradation process:
WEATHERING
WEATHERING
 Weathering is the alteration of
rocks to more stable material
from their exposure to the
agents of air, water, salt,
temperature and living
organisms.
3 MAIN PROCESSES:
1. PHYSICAL
WEATHERING
- includes processes that
fragment and disintegrate
rocks into smaller pieces
without changing the
rock's mineral composition.
4 types:
a. abrasion- caused by impact and friction,
frequently exposed to water, wind and

gravity
b. freeze thaw-water continually seeps
into rocks, freezes and expands.
c. unloading(pressure release)
-occurs when the overlying rock is
eroded away, causing the outer rock to
expand more than the rock below
d.exfoliation-rock mass at depth is under
 2. BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING-
occurs when rocks are
weakened by biological agents.
 a. plants -the roots of plants
opening up cracks in rocks.
 b. others: human activities and
burrowing animals
3. CHEMICAL WEATHERING
 -decomposes rocks through
chemical change.
 -is the alteration of the rock into
new minerals.
Include the following:
1. Carbonation/Dissolution
-carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form carbonic acid and
reacts with carbonic rocks to form a soluble product
C02 + H20= H2CO3(carbonic acid)
CaCO3 +H2CO3=Ca(HCO3)2
2. Hydrolysis -reaction results in dissolution.
olivine + water= magnesium hydroxide + silicic acid
(Mg2Si4 + H20 = Mg(OH)2 + H4SiO2
3. Hydration-water reacts chemically with rocks modifying its
chemical structure
CaS04(Calcium sulfate anhydrate)+ H20=
CaS04(Calcium sulfate dihydrite) + 2H2O
4. Oxidation
-oxygen dissolved in water will oxidize some materials.
Agents of Weathering
 Water
 Salt
 Temperature
 Plants
 Animals
FOR READING PURPOSES:
MASS WASTING
 refers to the mass movement of rocks, soil and regolith.
 the step that follows weathering.
 the driving force is gravity.
 other forces include:
-over steepening of slopes beyond the angle of repose
-removal of anchoring vegetation
-ground vibration from earthquakes
TYPES OF MASS
ROCK AND DEBRIS FALLS
1.
WASTING:
 Rock falls-occur when a piece of rock or mass of rocks
become dislodged and makes free-fall along a steep
cliff.
 Debris falls-it involves a mixture of soil, regolith,
vegetation and rocks.
talus-accumulated materials at the base of the cliff
 LAND SLIDES
 -they are sudden fast movement of cohesive
mass of rock, soil and regolith
 -they occur in two types:

a. translation-involve the movement of a
mass of materials along a well -defined surface.
b. rotational-occur in descending materials
move in mass along concave, upward curved
surface
 3. FLOWS
may be:
a. slurry flows-consists of a mixture of rocks and/or
regolith with 20% to 40%
water
b. granular flows-contain 0 to 20% water
SLURRY FLOWS may be subdivided:
 a. solifluction- the flow rate is around 1m/yr and occurs in
areas saturated with water.
 b. debris flows-the velocities range from 1m/yr to 100m/h,
these results from heavy rains.
 c. mudflows- high velocity mixture of sediment and water.
-the velocities are greater than 1km/h
-results from heavy rain and can travel long
distances.
GRANULAR FLOWS may be subdivided into:
 a. creep- the slow movement of regolith down a slope,

observed in bent trees and fences
 b. earth flows-the velocities range from less than
1cm/yr
to less than 100m/h
 c. grain flows- the velocities range from 9 to 100cm/h
to
less than 100km/h
 d. debris avalanche- these are very high velocity flows
(more than 100 km/h)
EROSION
 the process of transporting weathered sediments by
agents of erosion to different places.
 AGENTS OF EROSION:
a. running water-primary agent
3 types of water erosion:
1. Splash erosion-raindrops cause tiny particles of
soil
to be detached and to move out.
2. Sheet erosion-raindrops break apart the soil
structure which moves down the slope as water
3. Gully erosion-after heavy rain, water flows in
narrow channels eroding gullies into great depths.
4. Valley erosion- continuous water flow alongside
land and move downward which depends a valley.
5. Bank erosion-continuous flow of water wears out
stones along the bank of streams and rivers.
6. Coastline erosion- waves from ocean and seas
crash against the shore, pounding the rocks into
pebbles then to sand.
7. Seaside cliff erosion- the battering of ocean
waves
erodes seaside cliffs, forming hales that create
caves.
 b. glaciers- a thick large mass of ice.
-capable of great erosion.
 c. wind- carries dust, sand and volcanic ash

from one place to another.
TRANSPORTATION
 Materials are transported in 4 distinct ways:
1. solution- carried along by water.
2. suspension- carried by a medium(air, or
ice).
3. traction- move by sliding, rolling and
shuffling
along eroded surface.
4. saltation- move from the surface to the
medium in quick repeated cycle.
DEPOSITION
 The aggradation or
accumulation of weathered
sediments to create different
landforms.

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EXOGENIC-PROCESSESWEATHERING

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Geomorphic Process

forces that causing the physical

 Exogenic process-external forces

is an external process that occur at or near

frequently exposed to water, wind and

 -they occur in two types:

 a. creep- the slow movement of regolith down a slope,

 c. wind- carries dust, sand and volcanic ash

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