CHP’T-2

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

POONAM SINGH
 LESSON OUTLINE
1. Overview of cell
• Definition and Discovery of the cell
• Cell Theory and Principle of the Cell Theory
• Characteristic of Cell
• Types of Cell

2. Major Plant Cell Organelles

• Overview of Organelles (Bacteria-like & Membranous Organelles)
• Nucleus, Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus,
Chloroplast, Mitochondria, Cytoplasm, Microbodies, Vacuole…
 LESSON OUTLINE CONT.
3. Cytoskeleton
• Overview of cytoskeleton
• Microtubules, Microfilaments, Motor proteins
• Intermediate Filament

4. Membrane and Cell Wall

• Cell membrane
• Cell wall
 LESSON OUTLINE CONT.
5. Movement Across Cell Membrane
• Passive Transport
• Simple diffusion
• Facilitated diffusion
• Osmosis
• Hypotonic, Isotonic and Hypertonic solutions
• Active Transport
• Endocytosis
• Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis
• Exocytosis
 LESSON OBJECTIVE
• By the end of this session, the learners will be able to ;

1. Define cell, cell theory, and organelle

2. Demonstrate plant and animal cell
3. Identify and describe the major plant cell organelles
4. Discuss cytoskeleton
5. Describe plant cell wall and membrane
6. Describe the movement of substance across the cell
membrane
What is cell?
 CELLS
• From latin - cella, meaning "Small
room“

• The basic structural, functional, and

biological unit of all known living
organisms

Plant • Often called the "building blocks of life"

cells
 DISCOVERY OF CELLS
• Robert Hooke (Mid-1600s)
̶Observed sliver of cork
̶Saw “row of empty boxes”
̶Coined the term “Cell”
 CELL THEORY
• Matthias Schleiden (1838)
All plants are made up of cell

• Theodor Schwann (1839)

All animals are made up of cell
Schwann

Schleiden • Rudolf Virchow (1855)

All cells comes from preexisting
cells

Virchow
 PRINCIPLES OF CELL THEORY
1. All living things are made of one or more cells
2. The Cell is the smallest living unit of structure and function of
all organisms
3. All cells arise from preexisting cells through cell division

Schleide Virchow Schwann

n
CHARACTERISTICS OF CELL

Cell Size
Cells Have Large Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio
Cell Shape
• A cell’s shape reflects its function

Bacteria cell

Plant cell

Red blood cell

CELL TYPES

1.Prokaryotic
2.Eukaryotic
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
• First form of life on earth
• Single-celled organisms
• Cell type of bacteria and archaea
• A prokaryotic cell contain three
architectural regions:
̶ Cell envelop
̶ Cytoplasmic region
̶ Flagella and pili
PROKARYOTIC CELLS

• Lack membrane-bound organelles

• Nucleoid :region of DNA

concentration

• Most are the smallest of all

organisms ranging from 0.5 – 2.0
µm in diameter
 EUKARYOTIC CELLS
• Nucleus bound by
membrane

• Include fungi, protist,

plant, and animal cells

• Possess many organelles

Animal cell
Representative Animal Cell
Representative Plant Cell
 CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL
CELLS

• Contain a surrounding membrane (plasma membrane)

• Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid
• Control center with DNAs
CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL CELLS CONT.

Nucleus
(DNA)
Organelles

Protoplasm
Plasma
Membrane
MAJOR PLANT CELL ORGANELLES

• “Little organs”
• Specialized subunit within a cell
that has specific function

• Cellular machinery

• Two general kinds:

̶ Bacteria-like organelles
̶ Derived from membranes
 Bacteria-Like Organelles

• Derived from symbiotic bacteria

• Ancient association

• Endosymbiotic theory
̶ Evolution of modern cells from
cells & symbiotic bacteria
 Bacteria-Like Organelles

• Release & store energy

• Types:
̶ Mitochondria
(release energy)
̶ Chloroplasts
(store energy)
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
 Cytoplasm
• Viscous fluid containing organelles
• Components of cytoplasm:
̶Interconnected filaments &
fibers
̶Fluid = cytosol
̶Organelles (not nucleus)
̶Storage substances
(Examples)

Cytoplasm
 Membranous Organelles
• Functional components within cytoplasm
• Bound by membranes
̶Nucleus
̶Ribosomes
̶Endoplasmic reticulum
̶Golgi Apparatus
̶Lysosomes
̶Vacuole
̶Microbodies
 Nucleus
• Control center of cell
• Double membrane
• Contains:
̶Chromosomes
(DNA)
̶Nucleolus
̶Nuclear envelop
̶Nuclear pole
Nucleus and It’s Components
Nucleus
1. Nuclear
Nuclearenvelop
envelop
• Outer membrane
• Inner membrane

2. N Nucleoplasm

3. Chromatin
Chromatin

4. Nucleolus
Nucleolus

5. Nuclear pore
Nuclear pole
 Ribosomes
• Organelles that direct the synthesis of
proteins using genetic instruction in the
form of messenger RNA
• Site of protein synthesis

• Usually exit in large numbers in

living cells

Ribosomes
 Types of Ribosomes
Free
• Free ribosomes Ribosomes
• Suspended in the cytosol
• Synthesize proteins that function in cytosol

• Bound ribosomes
• Attached to endoplasmic reticulum
• Synthesize proteins for export or for
membranes
• Proteins work within endomembrane system or
outside cell
Bound
Ribosomes
 Endoplasmic Reticulum
ER • Network of interconnected
membranes
• Helps move substances within cells
• Serves as assembly site for making
proteins, lipids …
• Two types;
– Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
– Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Ribosomes attached to surface

̶ Manufacture protein
̶ Contain cisternae

• May modify proteins from

ribosomes

Rough ER
 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER

• No attached ribosomes
• Has enzymes that help build
molecules
̶Carbohydrates
̶Lipids
Golgi Apparatus
• A complex of vesicles and folded
membranes involved in secretion and
intracellular transport
• Transport vesicles
• Consist of stacks of cisternae, known as Golgi
stacks
• Consist of two main networks:
̶Cis Golgi Network (CGN)
̶Trans Golgi Network (TGN)
Golgi Apparatus Function
1. It modify, sort and package the
macromolecules that are synthesized
by the cell

2. They are also involved in the transport

of lipid molecules around the cell

3. It is also a major site of carbohydrate

synthesis
Molecules Transport Via GA
 Lysosomes
• Spherical vesicles that contain
hydrolytic enzymes that can break
down many kinds of biomolecules
• Contain digestive enzymes
• Functions:
̶ Aid in cell renewal
̶ Break down old cell parts
̶ Digests invaders
Vacuole
• Membrane bound storage sacs
• Single membrane structure
• Contents:
̶ water, food, wastes, enzymes

• Function:
̶ Isolating harmful materials
̶ Storing waste products
̶ Storing valuable water in a
plant cell
̶ Balancing the ph of a cell
̶ Storing proteins for seed
germination
 Microbodies
• Single membrane–enclosed organelles
• Found in cells of plants, protozoa, and animals
• Usually a vesicle with spherical shape
• Constitute: peroxisomes, glyoxysomes…

• Function:
̶ Contain enzymes that participate in biochemical reactions in
cells
̶ Detoxification of peroxides
̶ Photorespiration in plants
Chloroplasts
• Organelle within the cells of plants and
green algae that is the site of
photosynthesis
• Contains green chlorophyll pigment
• Double membrane structure
• Chloroplast is a type of plastid
̶Include leucoplasts and
chromoplasts
 Chloroplast Cont.
• Endosymbiotic theory explains
the origin of chloroplast
̶ Which has a two
membranes and;

̶ A small circular
chromosome
Endosymbiotic
Theory
Mitochondria
• Organelles that are the cell’s “power plant”
• It breaks down sugar to store its chemical
energy in ATP
• Consist of;
̶ Double membrane, Matrix,
Thylakoids,
̶ Stoma, Mitochondria DNA

• Production of energy for cell is its most

prominent function
 CYTOSKELETON
• Filaments & fibers

• Made of 3 fiber types

̶Microtubules
̶Microfilaments
̶Intermediate filaments

• 3 functions:
̶ Mechanical support
̶ Anchor organelles
̶ Help move substances
Microtubules:
• Long hollow tubes in the cytoskeleton
• Made up of a protein called Tubulin
• Function;
• Helps maintain cell shape
• Movement of multicellular
organisms through water
– Cilia and Flagella

• All movement controlled by microtubules

involves “walking molecules”
 Cilia & Flagella
Cilia: Flagella:
• Short hair-like projections • Whip-like extensions
• Used to move substances outside • Found on sperm cells
human cells
Microfilaments:
• Made up of globular protein called
actin

• Function:
→ Helps living cell change
shape

→ Help in the movement of cell

content around the vacuole
in a circular motion known
as cytoplasmic streaming
Intermediate Filaments:
• A type of cytoskeletal elements
made of multiple strands of fibrous
proteins wound together
• Average diameter of 8-10nm
• Function:
→ Help in holding the nucleus in
its permanent position

→ Control the shape of the

nucleus
Motor Proteins
• “Walking molecule”
• Motor proteins require
energy for movement

• Involve in many movement

in cells
• These include;
̶ Chloroplast moving from
the bottom to the side of a
cell
̶ Cyclosis
 MEMBRANES AND CELL WALLS
Cell Membrane:
• “ Plasma membrane”

• Membranes are barriers that

control what enters and leaves the
cell

• Fluid mosaic model provides a

broader description of the cell
membrane
Fluid Mosaic Model
Cell Wall
• Protective layer that surrounds the
plasma membrane

• Plant cell wall consist primary of

cellulose

• Plant cell wall consist of two

components:
̶ Primary cell wall
̶ Secondary cell wall
MOVEMENT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANES

1. Passive Transport
2. Active Transport
3. Endocytosis
Phagocytosis &
Pinocytosis

4. Exocytosis
Passive Transport
• No energy required
• Move due to gradient
• Movement is down the concentration
gradient
̶High moves toward low
• Consist of 3 types:
̶ Simple Diffusion
̶ Facilitated diffusion
̶ Osmosis
Simple Diffusion:
• Molecules move to equalize concentration
Facilitated Diffusion:
• Movement of specific molecules down a concentration gradient
• Pass through membranes via specific carrier protein
• Selection is by size, shape, charge
Facilitated Diffusion Cont.
• Channels (are specific) help molecule or ions enter or leave the cell

• Channels usually are transport

proteins
• (Aquaporin facilitate the movement
of water)
Process of Facilitated Transport
 Osmosis:
• Special form of diffusion

• Fluid flows from lower solute

concentration to higher

• Requires selective
permeable membrane
 Solution Difference & Cell
Solvent + Solute = Solution
• Hypotonic
̶ Solutes in cell more than outside
̶ Outside solvent will flow into cell

• Isotonic
̶ Solutes equal inside & out of cell

• Hypertonic
̶ Solutes greater outside cell
̶ Fluid will flow out of cell
Effect of Osmosis On Cells
 Active Transport
• Molecular movement
• Requires energy (against concentration gradient)
• Eg: Sodium-potassium
pump
 Endocytosis
Outside cell

• Movement of large material

– Particles, organisms ,large
molecules

• Movement is into cell

Vesicle

Cytoplasm
Forms of Endocytosis
• Phagocytosis – “cell eating”
• Pinocytosis – “cell drinking”
 Exocytosis

• Reverse of endocytosis
• Cell discharges material