ME2123

Thermodynamics-II
Lecture-20 (14-11-2023; 12:00PM, E1) – Week-8 – Fall 2023

Dr. Muhammad Irfan

Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Course Description
• This course teaches the application of Thermodynamics and prepares students
for subsequent courses in the thermal-fluid area.
• The course prepares the student to apply the principles of Thermodynamics in
power plants and Refrigeration cycles systems.
• It also supports the students in mathematical development. Both integral and
differential approaches are presented and simplifying assumptions and
equations are discussed and applied.
Books
Calendar of Activities
Week Contents Tasks/ Activities
1 Review of Introductory Concepts Lecture
2 Exergy/ Exergy of Control mass/volume Lecture
3 Exergy/ Exergy Balance Lecture/
Quiz#1 (12-10-2023)
4 Gas Power Systems/Otto Cycle Lecture/
ASSI#1 (19-10-2023)
5 Gas Power Systems/ Otto & Diesel Cycle Lecture/
ASSI#1 (24-10-2023)
6 Gas Power Systems/ Diesel Cycle & Brayton Cycle Lecture/
Quiz#2 (02-11-2023)
7 Gas Power Systems Lecture/
ASSI#2 (09-11-2023)
8 Vapor Power Systems Lecture/
ASSI#2 (16-11-2023)
Calendar of Activities
Week Contents Tasks/ Activities

9 Refrigeration and Heat Pump Systems Lecture

10 Refrigeration and Heat Pump Systems Lecture
11 Refrigeration and Heat Pump Systems Lecture

12 Ideal Gas Mixtures and Psychometric Applications Lecture

13 Ideal Gas Mixtures and Psychometric Applications Lecture

14 Ideal Gas Mixtures and Psychometric Applications Lecture

15 Reacting Mixtures and Combustion Lecture
16 Reacting Mixtures and Combustion Lecture
Assignment & Evaluation

Exam Type Percentage (%)

Quiz 10
Assignment 10
Project-Presentation 20
Mid Term 20
Final Term 40
Course Learning Outcomes
CLO Statement Level PLO

Analyze the basic principles of thermodynamics for different

1 engineering components and suggest the improvement in C4 PLO2
thermodynamic cycles.
Analyze the appropriate methods for improving the
2 C4 PLO4
performance of various thermodynamic cycles.
Design the feasible solutions for power generation and/or
3 Refrigeration while keeping in account environmental, cost, C6 PLO4
energy and amount of natural resources available.
Practice the positive attitude and seriousness to carry out
4 A2 PLO12
research in one of the assigned projects.
Note
• The lecture slides are copied content from the mentioned books and serves as a
guideline to cover the course content. For thorough understanding, please read
the relevant topics of the book
Pre-Requisite
• ME1113: Thermodynamics-I
• Steam Tables/ Thermodynamic Tables
• You must know/memorize the following:
• Ideal gas equation, basic formulas of compression ratio, pressure ratio
• The T-s and P-v diagram of the otto, diesel, and Brayton cycle.
• Basic formulas for isentropic efficiencies
GAS POWER CYCLES
Chapter#9
RECAP-Start
Gas Power Cycles
• Most power-producing devices operate on cycles, and the study of power cycles
is an exciting and important part of thermodynamics.

• Carnot Cycle
• Ideal Cycle
• Actual Cycle
A Gas Turbine
A number of fields of
Mechanical Engineering
are involved in it.
Brayton Cycle: The Ideal Cycle For Gas-
turbine Engines
Development of Gas Turbines – Performance
Improvement
• The gas turbine has experienced phenomenal progress
and growth since its first successful development in the
1930s.
• The early gas turbines built in the 1940s and even
1950s had simple-cycle efficiencies of about 17 percent
because of the low compressor and turbine
efficiencies and low turbine inlet temperatures due to
metallurgical limitations of those times.
• The efforts to improve the cycle efficiency
concentrated in three areas
• Increasing the turbine inlet (or firing) temperatures
• Increasing the efficiencies of turbomachinery components
• Adding modifications to the basic cycle
Development of Gas Turbines – Performance
Improvement

• Increasing the efficiencies of turbomachinery

components
• The performance of early turbines suffered greatly from the
inefficiencies of turbines and compressors.
• However, the advent of computers and advanced techniques for
computer-aided design made it possible to design these
components aerodynamically with minimal losses.
• The increased efficiencies of the turbines and compressors
resulted in a significant increase in the cycle efficiency.
Development of Gas Turbines – Performance
Improvement
• Adding modifications to the basic cycle
• The simple-cycle efficiencies of early gas turbines were practically doubled by incorporating
intercooling, regeneration (or recuperation), and reheating.
• These improvements, of course, come at the expense of increased initial and operation costs,
and they cannot be justified unless the decrease in fuel costs offsets the increase in other
costs.
• Relatively low fuel prices, the general desire in the industry to minimize installation costs,
and the tremendous increase in the simple-cycle efficiency to about 40 percent left little
desire to make these modifications.
Assignment#2 Problems
• 9.85, 9.86, 9.87, 9.92, 9.93, 9.95, 9.97, 9.98
RECAP-End
Development of Gas Turbines – Performance
Improvement
• Adding modifications to the basic cycle
• The simple-cycle efficiencies of early gas turbines were practically doubled by incorporating
intercooling, regeneration (or recuperation), and reheating.
• These improvements, of course, come at the expense of increased initial and operation costs,
and they cannot be justified unless the decrease in fuel costs offsets the increase in other
costs.
• Relatively low fuel prices, the general desire in the industry to minimize installation costs,
and the tremendous increase in the simple-cycle efficiency to about 40 percent left little
desire to make these modifications.
The Brayton Cycle with Regeneration
The Brayton Cycle with Regeneration
• In gas-turbine engines, the temperature of the exhaust gas leaving
the turbine is often considerably higher than the temperature of the
air leaving the compressor.

• Therefore, the high-pressure air leaving the compressor can be

heated by transferring heat to it from the hot exhaust gases in a
counterflow heat exchanger, which is also known as a regenerator or
a recuperator.

• The thermal efficiency of the Brayton cycle increases as a result of

regeneration since the portion of energy of the exhaust gases that is
normally rejected to the surroundings is now used to preheat the air
entering the combustion chamber.

• This, in turn, decreases the heat input (thus fuel) requirements for
the same net work output.
The Brayton Cycle with Regeneration
• The highest temperature occurring within the
regenerator is T4, the temperature of the exhaust
gases leaving the turbine and entering the regenerator.
• Under no conditions can the air be preheated in the
regenerator to a temperature above this value.
• Air normally leaves the regenerator at a lower
temperature, T5.
• In the limiting (ideal) case, the air exits the regenerator
at the inlet temperature of the exhaust gases T4.

• The extent to which a regenerator approaches an ideal

regenerator is called the effectiveness ε and is
defined as
The Brayton Cycle with Regeneration
• A regenerator with a higher effectiveness obviously saves a greater
amount of fuel since it preheats the air to a higher temperature prior to
combustion.
• However, achieving a higher effectiveness requires the use of a larger
regenerator, which carries a higher price tag and causes a larger pressure
drop.
• Therefore, the use of a regenerator with a very high effectiveness cannot
be justified economically unless the savings from the fuel costs exceed the
additional expenses involved.
• The effectiveness of most regenerators used in practice is below 0.85.
• Under the cold-air-standard assumptions, the thermal efficiency of an ideal
Brayton cycle with regeneration is
The Brayton Cycle with Regeneration
System Type Back-work Thermal Comments
ratio Efficiency
Simple Ideal Brayton Cycle 0.403 42.6 % Isentropic turbine and
compressor
Example 9-6
Actual Gas-Turbine Cycle 0.592 26.6 % Compressor Efficiency = 80%
Turbine Efficiency = 85%
Example 9-7
Actual Gas-Turbine Cycle
with Regeneration Example 9-8
Example 9-6 Example 9-7
The Brayton Cycle with Regeneration
System Type Back-work Thermal Comments
ratio Efficiency
Simple Ideal Brayton Cycle 0.403 42.6 % Isentropic turbine and
compressor
Example 9-6
Actual Gas-Turbine Cycle 0.592 26.6 % Compressor Efficiency = 80%
Turbine Efficiency = 85%
Example 9-7
Actual Gas-Turbine Cycle With regenerator
with Regeneration 0.592 36.9 % (Effectiveness = 80%)
Example 9-8
Assignment#2 Problems
• 9.112, 9.113, 9.114
The Brayton Cycle with Intercooling, Reheating, and Regeneration

Intercooling
The Brayton Cycle with Intercooling,
Reheating, and Regeneration

The work input to a two-stage compressor is

minimized when equal pressure ratios are
maintained across each stage. It can be
shown that this procedure also maximizes the
turbine work output.