MODULE-1C

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Hyperbola

a set of points in a plane such that the difference


of the distances from two fixed points on the plane
is a constant. The fixed points are called the foci
Hyperbola with the Center at the
Origin
Hyperbola with the center at the origin and vertex on the x-axis
Let F and F’ be the foci and let; the coordinates of the foci are and. If we let the difference
of the distances from a point P(x, y) of the hyperbola to the foci be, we will obtain

Transposing the second radical, squaring and simplifying, we will obtain

Squaring again and simplifying

We can observe from the figure that c > a, so that. By letting, the equation becomes

Dividing both sides by a2b2, the equation becomes


We will observe that the graph is symmetrical with respect to both coordinate axes.
The segment VV’ which is equal to 2a is called the transverse axis and the segment BB’ which is equal to 2b
is the conjugate axis. The ends of the major axis are called the vertices. The intersection of the axes of the
hyperbola is called the center. The chords through the focus and perpendicular to the transverse axis is the
latus rectum.

The ends of the latus rectum can be determined by substituting x = c and using the relationship to the
equation

Simplifying would result to

The coordinates of the ends of the latus rectum would be


and
The length of the latus rectum would be
Hyperbola with the center at the
origin,
and the vertex on the y-axis
If we take the foci of an hyperbola on the y-axis at (0, ± c), and using
the same derivation as above, we will come up with the equation

The vertices are at (0, ± a); minor axis at (± b, 0) and the ends of latus
rectum at
The Asymptotes of the Hyperbola
The hyperbola is distinct from the other conics because of the two lines
having very important relation to the curve.
Equation of the Asymptotes
These lines are the drawn-out diagonals of the rectangle. The two parallel sides
of the rectangle pass through the vertices and are perpendicular to the
transverse axis, while the other two parallel sides pass through the ends of the
conjugate axis

The equations of the asymptotes of the hyperbola for the first case (transverse
axis along the x-axis) is
y=±
While the equation of the asymptotes for the second case (transverse axis
along the y-axis) is
y=±
Some of the important things to consider in
determining the equation of the hyperbola
are as follows:
a. The standard equation of the hyperbola should always be in the
fraction form.
b. is always positive while b is the negative. The value of
c. The distance from the center to the vertices are; from the center
to the foci are; and form the center to the conjugate axis are.
d. The length of the latus rectum is
e. Eccentricity is always greater than 1.
Table of summary

Equation

Vertices
Foci
Mnor Axis

Latus Rectum

Asymptote
Find the equation of the hyperbola if it has its center
at the origin, one focus at (5, 0) and one vertex at
(4, 0). Draw the hyperbola.

Solution: Since the vertex and the focus is on the x-axis, the equation of
the hyperbola is of the kind

The distance from the center to one of the foci is 5, then c =5; the
distance from center to one of the vertices is 4, a = 4, and b =3. The
equation of the hyperbola would be
The coordinates of the other parts are
as follows:
a. The other vertex is at (−4, 0)
b. The other focus is at (−5, 0)
c. Conjugate axis at (0, ± 3)
d. The coordinates of the latus rectum
(−5, ± ), ( 5, ±
e. Eccentricity =
f. Asymptote: y = ±
Find the equation of the hyperbola if it has its
center at the origin, one focus at (0, − 13) and
one end of minor axis at
(5, 0). Draw the hyperbola.

Solution: Since the vertex and the focus is on the x-axis, the equation of
the hyperbola is of the kind

The distance from the center to one of the foci is 13, then c =13; the
distance from center to one end of the minor axis is 5, then b = 5.
Solving for would yield =12. The equation of the hyperbola would be
The coordinates of the other parts
are as follows:
a. The vertices are at (0, ± 12)
b. The other focus is at (0, 13)
c. The other end of minor axis at
(0, − 5)
d. The coordinates of the latus
rectum are: (± , − 13), (± , 13
e. Eccentricity =
f. Asymptote: y = ±
Hyperbola with center at (h, k)
The equation of the ellipse with center at (h, k), vertices at
and foci at is

The equation of the hyperbola with center at (h, k), vertices at


and foci at is
Table of Summary
Equation

Vertices
Foci )
Mnor Axis (h, k − b) & (h, k + b) (h −b, k) & (h + b, k)

Latus Rectum

Asymptotes (y – k) = ± (x – h) (y – k) = ± (x – h)
Determine the equation and the coordinates of the
remaining parts of a hyperbola if it has its center at
(1, 2), one focus at (6, 2) and one vertex at (− 1, 2)
Since the distance from the center to one focus is 5, then c = 5; the
distance from center to one vertex is 2, then a = 2. Solving for the
conjugate axis, b =. The foci are on the x-axis, the equation of the
ellipse is
The other parts are as follows:
v: (3, 2); f: (−4, 2); c.a.: (1, 2 ± );
l.r.: (− 4, 2 ± ) & (6, 2 ± );
e = Asym: (y – 2) = ± (x – 1)
Determine the equation and the coordinates of
the remaining parts of the hyperbola if it has its
center at (− 2, 2), one vertex at (− 2, 0) and one
end of conjugate axis at (0, 2).
The major axis is on the y-axis. The distance from the center to
one vertex is 2, then a = 2; the distance from one minor axis is
also 2, then b =2. Solving for c = 2. The equation is

(y – 2)2 _ (x + 2)2 = 1
4 4
The other parts are as follows:
v: (− 2, 4); f: (− 2, 2 ± 2); c.a.: (− 4, 2); l.r.: (− 2 ± 2, 2 − ) &; (− 2 ± 2, 2 + )
e = ; Asym: (y – 2) = ± (x + 2)
How to convert from the general
equation to the standard form?
Draw the hyperbola if its equation is 4x2 − 9y2 – 24x + 72y − 144 = 0.

Solution: Combine the x’s and the y’s and factor


4x2 – 24x − 9y2 + 72y − 144 = 0
4(x2 – 6x) − 9(y2 – 8y) = 144
Complete the squares
4(x2 – 6x + 9) − 9(y2 – 8y + 16) = 144 + 36 − 144
4(x – 3)2 − 9(y – 4)2 = 36
Divide both sides of the equation by the quantity on the right side to make the right side of the
equation equal to 1.
(x – 3)2 _ (y – 4)2 = 1
9 4
a = 3, b = 2 and c =
The center is at (3, 4); vertices at (3 ± 3, 4); foci at (3 ± , 4);
conjugate axis at (3, 4 ± 2); latus rectum at (3 − √13, 4 ± ) & (3 + , 4 ±
); e = Asym: y – 4 = ± (x – 3)

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