Chapter Five

GUI

01/24/25 1
 GUI
• Stands for Graphical User Interface ("Goo-ee")
• Pictorial interface to a program
– Distinctive "look" and "feel"
• Different applications with consistent GUIs improve
productivity
• Example:
– Menu bar, text field, label etc.
• are built from components
• Component: object with which user interacts
– Examples: Labels, Text fields, Buttons, Checkboxes
• allows us to interact with our programs through mouse
movements, button clicks, key presses, and so on.

01/24/25 2
• There are three basic things that are necessary to develop a
graphical user interface
– The GUI components sets : - form the interface
• buttons, labels, check boxes, etc
– Component arrangement (Layout): - the scheme whereby the
UI components are arranged to create the interface
– Response to user requests: - the act of associating actions to
user requests, known as 'events'

01/24/25 3
 Using AWT Components
• AWT is Java’s original set of classes for building GUIs
– Uses peer components of the OS;
– heavyweight
– Not truly portable: looks different and lays out inconsistently
on different OSs
• Due to OS’s underlying display management system
• Every GUI component is a subclass of the AWT Component
class (except for menus)

01/24/25 4
 Components and Containers
• The AWT set is structured in a class hierarchy
• every UI component is a descendant of the Component class
• This contains the very basic functionality common to all
components
primitive container

01/24/25 5
 Peers and Platform Independence
• UI components that have peers are called heavyweight
because
– they are rendered in their own (opaque) windows and thus are
expensive to use,
– they must be rectangular and cannot have transparent
backgrounds, and
– they are not willing to being subclassed

01/24/25 6
 Using Peers

Native
Java Java Window
Program AWT System
Peers

• A Java program creates and displays an AWT

component,
• Java AWT creates and displays a native component, or
peer.
• By using peers
• Platform controls component appearance
• Inconsistencies in implementations
– Interfacing to native platform error-prone
01/24/25 7
 Lightweight Components
• AWT 1.1 introduced the notion of lightweight components
which:
– are contained within a heavyweight component's window
– Does not have peers
– are rendered in their container's window rather than one of their
own
– do not incur performance penalties and can have transparent
backgrounds
• Almost all Swing components are lightweight ones that extend
either
– java.awt.Component or java.awt.Container

01/24/25 8
 What is Swing?
• The Swing toolkit includes a rich set of components for
building GUIs and adding interactivity to Java applications
• Swing includes all the components you would expect from a
modern toolkit:
– table controls, list controls, tree controls, buttons, and labels
• Swing supports numerous look and feels, including the ability
to create your own look and feel
• Swing is part of the Java Foundation Classes (JFC)
• Features
– Pluggable Look and Feel: - allows a program to have control
over its appearance.
– Data Transfer: - Most programs will want to use drag and drop
or cut, copy and paste
01/24/25 9
• You MUST import the following packages:
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
• Swing Philosophy
– Richer Component Set
• Replaces AWT Component Set
• Adds more complex components
– Swing Components Java-Based
• If problems, same problems everywhere
• The Swing Containment Hierarchy: - typically has at least:
– Top-Level Container: the root container that holds everything
together. e.g. JApplet, JFrame, Window
– Intermediate Container: a container to simplify the positioning of
atomic components. e.g. JPanel, JScrollPane
– Atomic Component: a self-sufficient component not holding other
components. eg. JButton, JLabel
01/24/25 10
 A Visual Guide to Swing Components

JButton

JCheckBox
JList
JComboBox
JTextField

JSlider
JSpinner

JPasswordField

JMenu
JLabel JRadioButton
01/24/25 11
• Top-Level Containers

JApplet JFrame
JDialog

• General-Purpose Containers

JPanel

JScrollPane

01/24/25 JTabbedPane 12
 Components and Containers
• a Container is a special type of component
• you can add other components.
– Example, JFrame, JApplet, JPanel etc
• All containers have methods to add and remove components

01/24/25 13
 AWT vs. Swing
• Swing does not replace the AWT; it is built on top of it
• All 1.0 AWT components are heavyweight; corresponding
Swing components are lightweight
• Swing component names begin with ``J'':
– Component (AWT) vs. JComponent (Swing)
– Button (AWT) vs. JButton (Swing)
• Always use Swing components; however, since Swing is built
on top of AWT, you will need to know some AWT methods

01/24/25 14
• Frames
– Frame is a window that is not contained inside another
window.
– Frame is the basis to contain other user interface components
in Java GUI applications.
– JFrame is the application window class
– The JFrame class is special; it draws the window and
interacts with the operating system
– When a JFrame is created, an inner container called the
contentPane is automatically created
– We don't draw graphics directly on JFrame; we draw on the
contentPane

01/24/25 15
 Anatomy of a JFrame

title bar

minimize
maximize
close

The contentPane holds your

content; created automatically
when a JFrame is created
01/24/25 16
 Example: Empty Frame
package swinglab;

import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
// extends keyword makes Calc a JFrame
public class Calc extends JFrame{
public Calc() {
// get the contentPane and assign it to cp
Container cp = getContentPane();
// exit program when user closes the window
setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
// sets the layout; will be covered in later slide
cp.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
// sets title to "My Funky Calculator"
setTitle("My Funky Calculator");
setSize(1000,700); // Frame has 0 default size
}

01/24/25 17
 public static void main (String[] args){
Calc trial = new Calc();
// Frame is invisible by default
trial.setVisible(true);

// main method exits but user interface

// stays alive
}
}

01/24/25 18
 Using the JPanel Class
• A panel is a type of container
• designed to hold a group of components
• The normal way to display a group of controls is to add those
controls to a panel, and then add the panel to the frame.
• You can bypass the panel and add the controls directly to the
frame if you want.
• Constructor
• JPanel () : -Creates a new panel.
• JPanel(LayoutManager layout): - Creates a new panel with
the specified layout manager. The default layout manager is
FIowLayout

01/24/25 19
• Method
• void add (Component c): - Adds the specified component to
the panel.
• void remove (Component c): - Removes the specified
component from the panel.
• void setLayout (LayoutManager layout): - Sets the layout
manager used to control how components are arranged when
the panel is displayed.

01/24/25 20
 Example:
package swinglab;

import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;

public class Calc extends JFrame{

private JPanel entryPanel;
private JPanel answerPanel;
public Calc() {
Container cp = getContentPane();
setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
cp.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
cp.setBackground(Color.white);
setTitle("My Funky Calculator");
setSize(1000,700);
entryPanel = new JPanel();
entryPanel.setBackground(Color.orange);
answerPanel = new JPanel();
01/24/25
answerPanel.setBackground(Color.yellow); 21
// . . .
 cp.add(entryPanel);
cp.add(answerPanel);
}
public static void main (String[] args){
Calc trial = new Calc();
trial.setVisible(true);
}
}

01/24/25 22
 JComponent
• JComponent: The base class for all Swing components
except top-level containers
• JComponents do not extend their AWT counterparts:
– For example, the JButton class is not a subclass (direct or
indirect) of Button
• Jcomponent’s subclasses present information or interact with
the user
– Examples: labels (JLabels), buttons (JButtons), textfields
(JTextField)

01/24/25 23
 Using Labels
• It is a component that is used to:
– display captions for other controls such as text fields or combo
boxes,
– display informational messages, or
– show the results of a calculation or a database lookup.
– display an image, or it can display both an image and some
text.
• you have complete control over the appearance of the text.
– You can specify the font, size, style (bold, italic) or underlined,
what color the text is displayed as, and so on.

01/24/25 24
• Constructor
– JLabel ( ): - Creates a new label with no initial text.
– JLabel (String): - Creates a new label with specified text
• Methods
– String getText ( ): - Returns the text displayed
by the label.
– void setText (String text): - Sets the text
displayed by the label.
–

01/24/25 25
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;

public class MyTest extends JFrame {

JLabel myLabel = new JLabel("Hello, World!");

public MyTest() {
super("MyTest");
setSize(350, 100);
getContentPane().add(myLabel);
setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
setVisible(true);

public static void main (String args[]) {

MyTest m = new MyTest();
}
}

01/24/25 26
 Simple Swing Application

01/24/25 27
 Creating Buttons
• JButton is the most commonly used component and used to
create a button the user can click.
• You can either create an empty button or a button with text.
• Constructor
– JButton ( ): - Creates a new button with no initial
text.
– JButton (String text): - Creates a new button
with the specified text.

01/24/25 28
• Methods
– String getText (): - Returns the text displayed by
the button.
– void setEnabled (boolean value): - Enables or
disables the button. The default setting is true (enabled).
– void setText (String text): - Sets the text
displayed by the button.
– void setVisible (boolean value): - Shows or
hides the button. The default setting is true (the button is
visible).

01/24/25 29
 JTextField - JPassWordField
• They are single-line areas in which text can be entered by
the user from the keyboard or text can simply be displayed
• Constructors
– JTextField(int columns): - Creates an empty text field with
the specified number of columns.
– JTextField(String text): - Creates a text field initialized
with the specified text.
– JTextField(String text, int columns): - Creates a text field
initialized with the specified text and the column size.

01/24/25 30
• Methods
– int getColomns(): - Returns the number of columns of the text
field
– setColumns(int): - Sets the number of columns in this text
field. The length of the text field is changeable.
– getText(): - Returns the string from the text field.
– setText(String text): - Puts the given string in the text field.
– setEditable(boolean editable): - Enables or disables the text
field to be edited. By default, editable is true.
• Example
– JTextField textField1 = new JTextField("This is the initial
text");
– JTextField textField2 = new JTextField("Initial text", columns);
– textField.setText(“hi);

01/24/25 31
JPasswordField
– a special kind of text field
• Constructor
– JPasswordField(String text, int columns) - constructs a
new password field.
• Methods
– void setEchoChar(char echo) - sets the echo character for this
password field. A value of 0 resets the echo character to the
default.
– Char[ ] getPassword() - returns the text contained in this
password field.

01/24/25 32
• JTextArea: a component used to accept multiple line text.
Constructors
– JTextArea( ) - Default constructor - Create an empty text area
– JTextArea(int rows, int columns) - Creates a text area with
the specified number of rows and columns.
– JTextArea(String s, int rows, int columns) - Creates a text
area with the initial text and the number of rows and columns
specified.

01/24/25 33
• JComboBox
– drop-down list of items from which the user can makes
selection by clicking an item or possibly by typing into the box
– Constructor
• JComboBox(String str[]);
– Methods
• getSelectedItem(); //returns the selected item
• getSelectedIndex();
• setMaximumRowCount(int n) - maximum of n items will be
displayed if there are more items adds scrollbar.

01/24/25 34
• JList
• Constructor
– JList(String str[]);
• Method
– int getSelectedIndex();
– Object getSelectedValue();
– Object []ob = getSelectedValues();
– int []idx = getSelectedIndices();
– setListData(ListItems);
• It has no scrollPane, to have scrolling JList we have to add to
the container JScrollPane object.
• Syntax
– container.add(new JScrollPane(obj));//obj is JList object
– setVisibleRowCount(int n);
01/24/25 35
• JCheckBox
– JCheckBox and JRadioButton are state buttons on/off
• Constructor
– JCheckBox(String s, Icon i, Boolean state);
– JCheckBox(String label);
– JCheckBox(String s, Boolean state);
• Methods
– void setSelected(boolean state);
– boolean isSelected();
– JRadioButton is similar

01/24/25 36
 import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.util.*;

public class Calc extends JFrame{

private JLabel letLabel;

private JLabel answerLabel;
private JTextField num1;
private JTextField num2;
private JComboBox operation;
private JButton calculate;
private JButton quit;
private JPanel entryPanel;
private JPanel answerPanel;

static final String ADD_OP = "ADDITION";

static final String SUB_OP = "SUBTRACTION";
static final String MUL_OP = "MULTIPLICATION";
static final String DIV_OP = "DIVISION";
01/24/25 37
 private static final int XSIZE = 1000;
private static final int YSIZE = 700;

public Calc() {
Container cp = getContentPane();
setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
cp.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
cp.setBackground(Color.WHITE);
setTitle("My Funky Calculator");
setSize(XSIZE,YSIZE);

entryPanel = new JPanel();

entryPanel.setBackground(Color.ORANGE);

answerPanel = new JPanel();

answerPanel.setBackground(Color.YELLOW);

letLabel = new JLabel("Let's Calculate!");

entryPanel.add(letLabel);
01/24/25
letLabel.setForeground(Color.GREEN); 38
 num1 = new JTextField("1st Number", 10);
entryPanel.add(num1);
num1.setBackground(Color. LIGHT_GRAY);

num2= new JTextField("2nd Number", 10);

entryPanel.add(num2);
num2.setBackground(Color.LIGHT_GRAY);

operation = new JComboBox();

operation.addItem(ADD_OP);
operation.addItem(SUB_OP);
operation.addItem(MUL_OP);
operation.addItem(DIV_OP);
entryPanel.add(operation);
operation.setBackground(Color.BLUE);

answerLabel = new JLabel("Answer");

01/24/25 39
 entryPanel.add(answerLabel);
answerLabel.setForeground(Color.red);

calculate = new JButton("Calculate");

calculate.setBackground(Color.pink);
answerPanel.add(calculate);

quit = new JButton("Quit");

answerPanel.add(quit);
Color quitter = new Color(50,100,50);
quit.setBackground(quitter);

cp.add(entryPanel);
cp.add(answerPanel);

}
public static void main(String[] args){
Calc trial = new Calc();
trial.setVisible(true);
}
01/24/25 40
}
01/24/25 41
 Exercise
• Write a program that creates the following image

01/24/25 42
 Layout Managers
• Associated with containers
• provide a level of abstraction to automatically map your user
interface on all windowing systems
• Automate the layout of elements
– When elements are added to the container
– When the window is resized
• automatically adjust the positions and sizes of the elements.
• Layout managers control:
– Where components appear
– What sizes they are
– How they react when they are resized

01/24/25 43
• Each container has a layout manager to arrange the UI
components within the container
• Layout managers are:
– FlowLayout
– GridLayout
– BorderLayout
– GridBagLayout

01/24/25 44
 Hierarchy of Layout Managers

01/24/25 45
• Flow Layout
– the component objects appear in order in which they are added
to the container from left to right until no more component will
fit on a row. It then moves to the row and continue going left to
right.
Constructors
– FlowLayout();
– FlowLayout(int align); //align is a constant left, center or
right
– FlowLayout(int align, int hSpace, int VSpace);
– setAlignment(int align); //FlowLayout.LEFT, .CENTER,
//.RIGHT

01/24/25 46
• BorderLayout
– It uses five areas to hold components: NORTH, SOUTH,
EAST, WEST, and CENTER.
– All extra space is placed in the center area.

• Constructor:
– BorderLayout(int n, int m); //n pixel gaps
• Methods
– void add(Component cp, int region);
– Example: cont.add(btn, BorderLayout.CENTER);
01/24/25 47
• GridLayout
– creates a grid structure on the container
– Every component in a GridLayout has the same width and
height.
• Constructor:
– GridLayout(int row, int col);
– GridLayout(int row, int col, int hSpace, int VSpace);
• Components are added to a GridLayout starting at the top-left
cell of the grid and proceeding left to right until the row is full
– Eg. new GridLayout(4,3);
– Example: Use GridLayout to write a calculator program

01/24/25 48
01/24/25 49
 import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
class Calculator extends JFrame{
JButton btn[]=new JButton[16];
JTextField txtResult;
Calculator(){
String caption[]={"7", "8", "9", "/", "4", "5", "6", "*","1",
"2", "3", "-", "0", "=",".","+"};
for(int i=0;i<16;i++)
btn[i]=new JButton(caption[i]);
txtResult=new JTextField();
Container cp=getContentPane();
cp.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
cp.add(txtResult,BorderLayout.NORTH);

01/24/25 50
 JPanel jp=new JPanel();
cp.add(jp,BorderLayout.CENTER);
jp.setLayout(new GridLayout(4,4));
for(int i=0;i<16;i++)
jp.add(btn[i]);
pack();
}
public static void main(String args[]){
Calculator cl=new Calculator();
cl.setVisible(true);
}
}
}

01/24/25 51
– The Grid Bag Layout
• The grid bag layout is the mother of all layout managers.
– the rows and columns can have variable sizes.
– You can join adjacent cells to make room for larger components.
– The components need not fill the entire cell area, and you can
specify their alignment within cells.

01/24/25 52
• To describe the layout to the grid bag manager, use the
following procedure:
– Create an object of type GridBagLayout.
• You don’t tell it how many rows and columns the underlying grid
has. Instead, the layout manager will try to guess it from the
information you give it later.
– Set this GridBagLayout object to be the layout manager for the
component.
– For each component, create an object of type GridBagConstraints.
• Set field values of the GridBagConstraint object to specify how the
s

components are laid out within the grid bag.

– Finally, add each component with its constraints by using the call
• gridObject.setConstraints(component,constraints);
• container.add(component);

01/24/25 53
• Example
GridBagLayout layout = new GridBagLayout();
panel.setLayout(layout);
GridBagConstraints constraints = new GridBagConstraints();
constraints.weightx = 100;
constraints.weighty = 100;
constraints.gridx = 0;
constraints.gridy = 2;
constraints.gridwidth = 2;
constraints.gridheight = 1;
layout.setConstraints (component, constraints);
panel.add(component);
• The gridx, gridy, gridwidth, and gridheight constraints
define where the component is located in the grid.

54
01/24/25
• gridx - The column in which the component will be placed.
• gridy - The row in which the component will be placed
• gridwidth - The number of columns the component occupies
• gridheight - The number of rows the component occupies
• weightx - The portion of extra space to allocate horizontally.
The components can become wider when extra space is
available
• weighty - The portion of extra space to allocate vertically.
The components can become taller when extra space is
available.
• If you set the weight to 0, then the area never grows or
shrinks beyond its initial size in that direction.

01/24/25 55
• The Null Layout Manager
– If you set the layout manager in a container to null,
– you can explicitly set the sizes and positions of the components.
class NullLayout extends JFrame{
JButton btn;
JTextField txt;
JComboBox jcb;
NullLayout(){
btn = new JButton(“Ok”);
txt = new JTextField();
jcb = new JComboBox();
Container cp = getContentPane();
Cp.add(btn);
cp.add(txt);
cp.add(jcb);
cp.setLayout(null);
01/24/25 56
 btn.setBounds(50, 50, 60, 30);
txt.setBounds(50, 90, 60, 20);
jcb.setBounds(50, 120, 60, 20);
}
public static void main(String args[]){
NullLayout nl = new NullLayout();
nl.setVisible(true);
}
}

01/24/25 57
 The Java Event Handling
• Event-Driven Programming
• An event: a type of signal to the program that something has
happened
• The event is generated by external user actions such as
– mouse movements, mouse button clicks, and keystrokes, or by
the operating system, such as a timer
• The GUI component on which an event is generated is called
the source object
• Programmer writes code to respond to the various events
that may occur

01/24/25 58
• The Delegation Event Model
– lies at the heart of Java’s event handling system
– Defines a standard and consistent mechanism to generate and
process events
– The main advantage is
• the application logic that process the event is cleanly separated
from the user interface logic that generates those events.
– Events are supported by the java.awt.event. Package
– There are three objects active in Delegation Event Model
• event sources
• event objects
• event listeners

01/24/25 59
• Event Sources
– Event sources are objects that generates an event: menus,
buttons, text fields etc.
– Events are generated when the objects internal states are
changed in some way
– A source may generate more than one event.
– Event sources have methods to add event listeners to them
• For example: addActionListener()
– Event source reports on events and notifies all its listeners

01/24/25 60
• Event Objects
– Objects that represent a user action (e.g. mouse click)
– contain reference to source that generates the event and other
event information.
– When an event happens an event source sends an event object
to its event listeners
– Event can be generated as a consequence of:
• Person Interaction with the elements of GUI
– Pressing a button, Entering a character, Selecting an item in
a list, Click a mouse
• System generated events
– Timer, System Failure
– EventObject is the superclass
• ActionEvent, MouseEvent, etc. are the subclasses that we
use
01/24/25 61
• Event Listeners
– are objects that respond when an event occurs
– Have two major requirements.
• It must have been registered with one or more sources to receive
notifications about specific types of events.
• It must implements methods to receive and process these
notifications
– If the event listener has been added to an event source, the
listener will be called when an event occurs on that source.
– Any event listener is specific to an event source.
• For example, you'd have one kind of event listener to respond to
the click of a button on your mouse, and another to respond to
the press of a key on your keyboard.
– Listeners are interfaces, not classes
• Class MyButtonListener implements ActionListener
{…}
01/24/25 62
01/24/25 63
• A source must register listeners
– Each of the event has its own registration method:
– Syntax:
<Source> . add<Type>Listener (<Type>Listener el);
• Type is the name of event
• el reference to the event listener
– Example:
• addKeyListener()
• addMouseMotionListener()
• A source also provides a method to ‘unregister’ the listeners.
– Syntax:
public void remove<type>Listener(<Type>Listener tl);

01/24/25 64
• Example:
– If the listener class is different class, we have to do
ListenerClass lc = new ListenerClass();
JButton btnTest = new JButton(“Test”);
btnTest.addActionListener(lc);
– if the Listener class is the class that contains the source object,
then the reference to the Listener object will be ‘this’
btnTest.addActionListener(this);
• The Listener must implement the appropriate Listener
interface and define methods to receive and process
notifications

01/24/25 65
• Example
– to Listen and process the ActionEvent generated by the source
button, the Listener class must implement ActionListener
interface
– The method to be implemented is actionPerformed.
class ListenerClass implements ActionListener{
public void ActionPerformed (ActionEvent ae){
ae.getSource(); //returns source object reference
ae.getActionCommand(); //returns caption of the

//source(String)
}
}

01/24/25 66
• ActionEvent
– In a Button click, TextField focus on the TextField and pressing
Enter
– Source that create ActionEvent
JButton, JTextField, JMenuItem
– Listener interface that the Listener class must implement is
ActionListener
– Method that the Listener should implement is
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae);
– Methods
• String getActionCommand(); - returns String(text) which is the
caption on the source
• Object getSource(); - returns object reference of the source

01/24/25 67
• DocumentEvent
– occur when the content of a document changes in any way.
– Source that create ActionEvent
• JTextField, JTextArea
– Listener interface that the Listener class must implement is
DocumentListener
– Methods that the Listener should implement are:
• void changedUpdate(DocumentEvent de) : Called when the
style of some of the text in the listened-to document changes.
• void insertUpdate(DocumentEvent de): Called when text is
inserted into the listened-to document.
• void removeUpdate(DocumentEvent de): Called when text is
removed from the listened-to document.

01/24/25 68
 – To get the document that generated the event, you can use
DocumentEvent’s getDocument method.
– object.getDocument().addDocumentListener(this);
– Note that DocumentEvent does not inherit from EventObject
like the other event classes. Thus it does not inherit the
getSource() method.
– Must import swing.event package

01/24/25 69
• ItemEvent
– Source that create ItemEvent
• JCheckBox, JRadioButton, JComboBox.
– JCheckBox and JRadioButton have two state SELECTED and
DESELECTED
getStateChange() = = e.SELECTED
– Listener interface that the Listener class must implement is
ItemListener
– Method that the Listener class should implement is
public void itemStateChange(ItemEvent ie);
– Methods
• (event object).getSource(); //returns the source object
• (event object).getStateChange() = = ItemEvent.SELECTED or
ItemEvent.DESELECTED

01/24/25 70
• MouseEvent: There are two types of Listener interfaces
– MouseListener: There are five methods to be implemented
public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent me);
public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent me);
public void mouseExited(MouseEvent me);
public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent me);
public void mousePressed(MouseEvent me);
– MouseMotionListener:
public void mouseMoved(MouseEvent me);
public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent me);

01/24/25 71
• WindowEvent
– WindowListener : There are 7 methods to be implemented
windowClosing(WindowEvent)
windowOpened(WindowEvent)
windowIconified(WindowEvent)
windowDeiconified(WindowEvent)
windowClosed(WindowEvent)
windowActivated(WindowEvent)
windowDeactivated(WindowEvent)

01/24/25 72
 import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
class BackColor extends JFrame implements ActionListener{
JButton btnCyan;
JButton btnBlack;
JButton btnCancel;
BackColor(String str){
btnCyan = new JButton(“Cyan”);
btnBlack = new JButton(“Black”);
btnCancel = new JButton(“Exit”);
Container cp = getContentPane();
setSize(200, 300);
cp.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
cp.add(btnCyan);
cp.add(btnBlack);

01/24/25 73
 cp.add(btnCancel);
btnCancel.addActionListener(this);
btnBlack.addActionListener(this);
btnCyan.addActionListener(this);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae){
if(ae.getSource() == btnCyan)
getContentPane().setBackground(Color.cyan);
else if(ae.getSource() == btnBlack)
getContentPane().setBackground(Color.black);
else{
dispose();
System.exit(0);
}
}
01/24/25 74
 public static void main(String args[]){
BackColor b = new BackColor(“My Frame”);
b.setVisible(true);
}
}

01/24/25 75
 import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
class Calculator extends JFrame{
JButton btn[]=new JButton[16];
JTextField txtResult;
Calculator(){
String caption[]={"7", "8", "9", "/", "4", "5", "6",
"*","1", "2", "3", "-", "0", "=",".","+"};
for(int i=0;i<16;i++)
btn[i]=new JButton(caption[i]);
txtResult=new JTextField();
MyListener ml=new MyListener();
for(int i=0;i<16;i++)
btn[i].addActionListener(ml);

01/24/25 76
 Container cp=getContentPane();
cp.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
cp.add(txtResult,BorderLayout.NORTH);
JPanel jp=new JPanel();
cp.add(jp,BorderLayout.CENTER);
jp.setLayout(new GridLayout(4,4));
for(int i=0;i<16;i++)
jp.add(btn[i]);
pack();
}
public static void main(String args[]){
Calculator cl=new Calculator();
cl.setVisible(true);
}
}
01/24/25 77
 class MyListener implements ActionListener{
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae){

txtResult.setText(ae.getActionCommand());
}
}
}

01/24/25 78
• Ways to define a Listener class
– By making the class that creates source components a
listener class
class MyClass extends JFrame implements ActionListener{
MyClass(){
.
.
.
<source>.addActionListener(this);
...
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{}
}

01/24/25 79
– Defining a separate Listener class
class MyClass extends Jframe {
MyClass(){
.
.
.
MyHandler mh = new MyHandler();
<source>.addActionListener(mh);
...
}
}
class MyHandler implements ActionListener, ItemListener{
...
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae){. . .}
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ie){. . .}
}

01/24/25 80
– Define Inner Class
class MyClass extends Jframe {
MyClass(){
.
.
.
MyHandler mh = new MyHandler();
<source>.addActionListener(mh);
...
}
private class MyHandler implements ActionListener{
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae){. . .}
}
}
• An Inner class is allowed to directly access its outer class’s variables and
methods.

01/24/25 81
– Define Anonymous Inner classes
class MyClass extends JFrame{
...
MyClass() {
...
<source>.addActionListener(new ActionListener(){
public void actioPerformed(ActionEvent ae){
...
}
} );
<source>.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter(){
public void WindowClosing(WindowEvent ae){
dispose();
System.exit(0);
}
});
}}

01/24/25 82
 Menu
• Java provides several classes:
– JMenuBar, JMenu, JMenuItem, JCheckBoxMenuItem, and
JRadioButtonMenuItem —to implement menus in a frame
• The JMenuBar Class
– holds menus
– the menu bar can only be added to a frame
– For example:
JFrame f = new JFrame();
f.setSize(300, 200);
f.setVisible(true);
JMenuBar mb = new JMenuBar(); f.setJMenuBar(mb);

01/24/25 83
• The Menu Class
– You attach menus onto a JMenuBar
– For example:
JMenu fileMenu = new JMenu("File");
JMenu helpMenu = new JMenu("Help");
mb.add(fileMenu);
mb.add(helpMenu);
• The JMenuItem Class
– You add menu items on a menu
fileMenu.add(new JMenuItem("new"));
fileMenu.add(new JMenuItem("open"));
fileMenu.add(new JMenuItem("-"));
fileMenu.add(new JMenuItem("print"));
fileMenu.add(new JMenuItem("exit"));
fileMenu.addSeparator();
01/24/25 84
• Submenus
– You can add submenus into menu items
– For example:
JMenu hardwareHelpSubMenu = new JMenu("Hardware");
helpMenu.add(softwareHelpSubMenu);
helpMenu.add(hardwareHelpSubMenu);
softwareHelpSubMenu.add(new JMenuItem("Unix"));
softwareHelpSubMenu.add(new JMenuItem("NT"));
softwareHelpSubMenu.add(new JMenuItem("Win95"));

01/24/25 85