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    Web3.0

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    Web3.0

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    1 views11 pages

    Web3.0

    Uploaded by

    tanishgontlag

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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    Web 3.

    0
    Web 3.0 or Semantic Web
    • There is an obvious shift from the era of “Web of Documents” to the
    “Web of People” to the “Web of Data.” The Web of Data is an upgrade
    to the Web of Documents (also World Wide Web).
    • The Web now has a huge amount of decentralized data, which can be
    accessed by various simple and standardized methods. Though this
    decentralized data is primarily machine accessible, it should also be
    made machine understandable in order to endorse Web as a powerful
    source for knowledge dissemination.
    • Semantic Web, also known as Web 3.0, envisions the content to be
    machine-processable.
    • “The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data
    to be shared and reused across application, enterprise, and
    community boundaries” (Berners-Lee et al. 2001).
    • “The Semantic Web is an extension of the current web in which
    information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers
    and people to work in cooperation.” –Tim Berners Lee(who coined the
    term Sematic web)
    • The architecture of the Semantic Web is described by Semantic Web
    Stack. Figure 5.3 shows the Semantic Web Stack.
    Semantic Web Technologies

    • The core of Semantic Web Technologies includes four components,


    • firstly explicit metadata, which is machine-processable,
    • ontologies that add meaning to make data machine-understandable.
    • Logic modules are then employed for an inference mechanism,
    • which is finally used by software agents to accomplish an intelligent
    task
    Explicit metadata
    • Metadata captures (semantics)meaning of data on the web. This semantic metadata encodes the
    meaning (semantics) of the content, which can then be read and interpreted correctly by machines.
    • XML- Although XML provides structure to the data it does not provide and semantics.
    • Resource Description Framework (RDF): A standard issued by W3C, RDF is an XML application defined by
    using a DTD, which explicates relationships between documents .
    • Information expressed in RDF is represented as list of statements, and each statement follows a
    structure in the form of . This structure format is known as triples in RDF terminology.
    • For example, consider a statement as follows:

    • In the previous statement Subject would be “Akshi Kumar”, Predicate would be “has phone number”,
    and Object would be “+9198XXX90XX9”
    • Thus, the RDF provides metadata about web resources in the form of Object -> Attribute-> Value triples
    using XML syntax
    Explicit metadata
    • Resource Description Framework Schema (RDFS): RDFS is RDF
    vocabulary description language. RDFS allows for the definition of
    classes, properties, restrictions, and hierarchies for further structuring
    of RDF resources.
    • SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language (or simply SPARQL):
    Pronounced as “Sparkle,” it is a query language for RDF and RDFS
    databases that traverse the RDF graph to fetch the output.
    Ontologies
    • Ontologies are used to standardize concepts and the relationships
    between them. Ontology is an explicit, formal specification of shared
    conceptualization.
    • Web Ontology Language (OWL) is a language for expressing
    Ontologies. Components and models in Ontology are as follows:
    • • Classes, Relations, Instances, Constraints (Rules) can be defined that
    determine allowed values. • Classes, relations, and constraints can be
    put together to form statements/assertions. • Special Case: Formal
    Axioms, which describe knowledge, cannot be expressed simply with
    the help of other existing components.
    Ontologies
    • There are fundamentally four types of ontologies:
    • Top level Ontologies (Upper Ontology or Foundational Ontology):
    They are general, cross domain ontologies. They are used to represent
    very general concepts.
    • Domain Ontologies: They define concepts related to specific domain.
    • Task Ontologies: They define concepts related to general activity or
    task.
    • Application Ontologies: They are specialized ontologies focused on
    specialized task and domain.
    Logic and Inference
    • This component of the Semantic Web defines unified language that
    expresses logical inferences made using rules and information, such
    as those specified by ontologies.
    • Logic can be used to specify facts as well as rules; New facts are
    derived from existing facts based on the inference rules.
    Software Agents
    • Software agents make use of all the above components, namely, explicit
    metadata, ontologies and logical inferences to help us perform a user-
    defined task.
    • They are defined as a piece of software that runs without direct human
    control or constant supervision to accomplish goals provided by the user.
    • Software Agents can
    • Collect web content from diverse sources,
    • Process that information and exchange the results with other programs
    (agents),
    • Exchange proofs “proofs” written in Semantic Web’s Unified Language.

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