Concrete Technology

(ECV 4423)
CHAPTER 2
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT

Dr. Nurul Izzatul Lydia Binti Za’ba

 Learning Objective
• To learn history of concrete technology and its impact on society;
• To acknowledge various of equipment for concrete testing;
• To differentiate standards used worldwide;
• To be aware of regulations and law in Malaysia related to concrete
technology.
 Learning Outcome

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

• To acknowledge the history of concrete technology and its impact on

society;
• To acknowledge various of equipment for concrete testing;
• To differentiate standards used worldwide;
• To be aware of regulations and law in Malaysia related to concrete
technology.
CHAPTER 2 (3/4): STANDARD USED
WORLDWIDE
Standard for Mortar

• BS – British Standard
• EN – European Norm
• AS – Australian
Standard
• CSA – Canadian
Standard Association
• MSJC - Masonry
Standards Joint
Committee (USA)
 Standards for Cement
• Europe Countries:
• EN 197-1(2011). Cement - Part 1: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for
common cements.
• Malaysia: MS EN197 – 1:2004

• EN 196-1 : 2016 Methods Of Testing Cement - Part 1: Determination of Strength

• Britain: BS EN 196-1:2016. Methods of testing cement. Determination of strength.
• Malaysia: MS EN196 – 1:2007

• USA: ASTM C150; Standard Specification for Portland Cement

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 Standards for Concrete –
European Norm (EN)
• EN 206-1 Concrete (2013): Specification, performance, production and
conformity.
• BS EN 206:2013+A1:2016. – work in hand
• BS 8500-1:2006+A1:2012. Concrete. Complementary British Standard to BS EN
206-1. Method of specifying and guidance for the specifier.
• BS 8500-2:2006+A1:2012. Concrete. Complementary British Standard to BS EN
206-1. Specification for constituent materials and concrete.

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 Britain
• British Standard Institution: BS 1881-part 102, “Method of determination of
slump”, BSI, London, (1992).

• British Standard Institution: BS 1881-part 107, “Method of determination of

density of compacted fresh concrete”, BSI, London, (1992)

• British Standard Institution: BS 1881-part 116, “Method of determination

compressive strength of concrete cubes”, BSI, London, (1992)

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 China
• Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction of the People’s Republic of China.
Specification for Mix Proportion Design of Ordinary Concrete; JGJ 55-2011; China Building
Industry Press: Beijing, China, 2011. (In Chinese)

• Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction of the People’s Republic of China.

Standard for Test Method of Mechanical Properties on Ordinary Concrete; GB/T 50081-
2002; China Building Industry Press: Beijing, China, 2002. (In Chinese)

• Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction of the People’s Republic of China.

Standard for Test Method of Performance on Ordinary Fresh Concrete; GB/T 50080-2002;
China Building Industry Press: Beijing, China, 2002. (In Chinese)

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 Germany
• DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V., DIN-EN 12350-4: Testing Fresh Concrete — Part 4:
Degree of Compactibility; German Version EN 12350-4:1999, Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin,
Germany, 1999 (in German).

• DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V., DIN-EN 12390-4: Testing Hardened Concrete — Part 3:
Compressive Strength of Test Specimens; German Version EN 12390-4:2000, Beuth Verlag GmbH,
Berlin, Germany, 2002 (in German)

• DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V., DIN-EN 12390-6: Testing Hardened Concrete — Part 6:
Tensile Splitting Strength of Test Specimens; German Version EN 12390-6:2000, Beuth Verlag
GmbH, Berlin, Germany, 2001 (in German).

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 Other Countries
• Canada: Canadian Standards Association (CSA): A23.1-14 Concrete
materials and methods of concrete construction/Test methods and
standard practices for concrete.
• USA: American Concrete Institute Method of Mix Design, ACI–211.1
• India- Bureau of Indian Standards-I.S.10262-2009. Concrete mix
proportioning guidelines.
• Japan: Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE), JGC-16 Standard
Specifications for Concrete Structures, 2007. “Materials and
Construction.”

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Japan

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 Similarities of Standards – Part 1
(i) All the methods are applicable for design of concrete mixes using different types of hydraulic
cements, blended cements and with or without other supplementary cementitious materials
and chemical admixtures.
(ii) All the methods give guidelines for design of concrete mixes using normal and heavy weight
aggregates.
(iii) The water-cement ratio of the mix governs the compressive strength of concrete. Selection of
water-cement ratio is primarily based on generalized relationship between compressive
strength of concrete and water-cement ratio, though some minor variations exist in the
process of selection in different methods.
(iv) All the methods specify different exposure conditions to meet the durability requirements.

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 Similarities of Standards – Part 2
(v) Selection of water- Content is based on workability of the mix desired.

(vi) Cement content is estimated by dividing the free water-content by the free water-cement ratio
in all the methods and checked against minimum cement requirements for durability.

(vii) All the methods are based on the absolute volume concept for calculation of required
proportion of materials.

(viii) The final mix proportion for the first trial mix is obtained by making suitable adjustments for
water absorption and surface moisture carried by the aggregates.

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 Differences of Standards - Part 1
• Applicability: IS applicable for Ordinary (10MPa 20MPa grade) and Standard grades
(25MPa to 55MPa grade) of concrete only. BS design consists of normal concrete mixes
having 28-days compressive strength up to 75 MPa, includes design of light weight and
heavy weight concrete.

• Compressive strength: The compressive strength of hardened concrete in IS is to be

specified on the basis of 150 mm cube test, determined at 28 days. While EN on the basis
of 150 mm cube test determined at 28 days (fck, cube), in N/mm2 or 150 mm diameter
by 300 mm cylinder tests, determined at 28 days((fck, cyl ),in N/mm2. ACI only tests 28-
days cylinder compressive strength.

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 Differences of Standards - Part 2
• Procedure: the BS method of mix design is more comprehensive and more tedious,
whereas EN, IS and ACI methods are simple and straightforward.

• Workability: specified in terms of slump, vee-bee or compacting factor is different in

different methods.

• Type and shape of aggregates: IS takes in to account the type of aggregates as angular,
sub angular and rounded. BS and EN takes in to account the type of aggregates as
crushed and uncrushed only, ACI does not differentiate between crushed and uncrushed
or rounded aggregate and flakiness.

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 Part 4/4
REGULATIONS AND LAW IN MALAYSIA
RELATED TO CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

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 Standard Specification for
Building Works 2005, 2014
• Published by Jabatan Kerja Raya, JKR (Public Works Department)

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 Jabatan Standard Negara

• The Department of Standards Malaysia (Standards Malaysia) is the National

Standards Body and the National Accreditation Body, providing confidence to various
stakeholders, through credible standardisation and accreditation services for global
competitiveness.

• Governed by the Standard of Malaysia Act 1996 (Act 549), the Department of
Standard Malaysia (Standards Malaysia) is an agency established on 28 August 1996
under the purview of Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI).

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 MALAYSIAN STANDARDS (MS) - MS 26

• Pt.1:1991 Methods of testing concrete - Pt.1: Methods of sampling

fresh concrete

• Pt 2:1991 Methods of testing concrete - Pt.2: Methods of testing

hardened concrete

• Pt.3:1992 Methods of testing concrete - Pt.3: Recommendations for

use of non-destructive testing of concrete

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 MALAYSIAN STANDARDS (MS) - MS 523
• Pt.1:1993 Specification for concrete, including ready-mixed concrete Pt.1: Guide to
specifying concrete

• Pt.2:1993 Specification for concrete, including ready-mixed concrete Pt.2: Methods for
specifying concrete mixes

• Pt.3:1993 Specification for concrete, including ready-mixed concrete Pt.3: Procedures to be

used in producing and transporting concrete

• Pt.4:1993 Specification for concrete, including ready-mixed concrete Pt.3: Procedures to be

used in sampling, testing and assessing compliance of concrete

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 TUTORIAL WEEK 4

Please name the Concrete Standard used in your

country.

Provide evidence. e.g. document, standard book,

journal etc.

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ANY QUESTIONS?

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