CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction :
Chapter 1
• 1. introduction
• 2. statement of the Problem
• 3. Assumptions
• 4. Hypotheses (Alternative and Null)
• Alternative: There is a significant relationship between Financial
Problem and academic performance.
• Null: There is no significant relationship between Financial Problem and
academic performance.
• 5. Significance of the Study
• 6. Scope and Delimitation
• 7.Locale of the Study- place
• 8. Definition of Terms
Chapter II:
•Review of Related Literature:
RRL
•Books , internet, and Study
•ERIC , google scholar
Theme: Thematic

•Impacts of Chat GPT on the

Academic Performance of Grade
11- Galileo Learners
LITERATURE
• NEWS ARTICLES, ARTICLES
• Internet, websites, books, magazines, atlas,
almanac
•Literature: Articles, journals
•Academic Writing, Technical
Writing (online Gaming)
•Study: Related studies,
(Research, Theses,
Dissertations)
 3.1 Introduction
• As it is indicated in the title, this chapter
includes the research methodology of the
Research.
• In more detail, in this part the
author outlines the research
strategy, the research method, the
research approach, the methods of
data collection, the selection of the
sample, the research process, the
type of data analysis, the ethical
considerations, and the research
limitations of the project.
Research Methodology
• Looking closely on the nature of
man, we will notice that we are
naturally curious about how things
are working around us, and we have
a strong practical motive to explain,
predict and even shape certain
human conditions.
•This chapter covers four
basic methods and
several research designs
commonly used in our
country's different
universities.
Specially, this is the part of a research that shall describe how
the problems identified in this part of the paper will be
answered thus it has the following purposes:

1.Determine the different research and

design;
2.Identify the appropriate sampling technique
for a specific nature or situation of the study;
Continuation….
1.Enumerate the guidelines for
questionnaire construction;
2.Compute (if applicable) and determine
the size of the sample in a study, and;
3.Construct a self-made questionnaire.
3.2 Research strategy
•The research held with
respect to this dissertation
was an applied one, but
not new.
Research method – Qualitative
versus Quantitative techniques
• Qualitative research
•“All research ultimately has a qualitative rounding”
• -Donald Campbell
• The aim is a complete, detailed description.
• Researcher may only know roughly in advance what
he/she is looking for.
• Recommended during earlier phases of research projects.
• The design emerges as the study unfolds.
• Researcher is the data gathering instrument.
 Qualitative versus Quantitative Research
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
“All research ultimately has “There’s no such thing as qualitative
a qualitative rounding” data. Everything is either 1 or 0.
-Donald Campbell -Fred Kerlinger
The aim is a complete, The aim is to classify features, count
detailed description. them, and construct statistical models in
an attempt to explain what is observed.
The researcher may only The researcher knows clearly in advance
know roughly in advance what he/she is looking for.
what he/she is looking for.
Qualitative versus Quantitative
Research
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Recommended during Recommended during

earlier phases of research latter phases of research
projects. projects.
The design emerges as All aspects of the study
the study unfolds. are carefully designed
before data is collected.
Qualitative versus Quantitative Research
Qualitative Research Quantitative Research
Researcher is the data gathering Researcher uses tools, such as
instrument. questionnaires or equipment to
collect numerical data.
Data is in the form of words, pictures, or Data is in the form of numbers and
objects. statistics.
Qualitative versus Quantitative Research
Qualitative Research Quantitative Research
Subjective – individual’s Objective: seeks precise
interpretation of events is measurement & analysis of
important,e.g., uses participant target concepts, e.g., uses
observation, in-depth interviews surveys, questionnaires etc.
etc.

Qualitative data is ‘richer’, time Quantitative data is more

consuming, and less able to be efficient, and able to test
generalized. hypotheses, but may miss
contextual detail.
Qualitative versus Quantitative Research

Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

The researcher tends to The researcher tends to
become subjectively remain objectively separated
immersed in the subject from the subject matter.
matter.

Adapted from: Miles & Huberman (1994, p. 40). Qualitative Data Analysis, available at
http://wilderdom.com/research/QualitativeVersusQuantitativeResearch.html
3.4 Research approach
•The research approach that was followed
for the purposes of this research was the
inductive one. According to this approach,
researchers begin with specific observation,
which are used to produce generalized
theories and conclusions drawn from the
research.
 3.5. Descriptive Method of Research

•This method is designed to gather

information about present conditions. As
the term itself suggest, the main objective
of this kind of study is to describe the
nature of a situation as it exists at the time
of the study and to study and to explore
the causes of particular phenomena.
Types of Descriptive Study
1.Case Study.
•When we make a detailed study about one person or
a few over a considerable period, we are employing this
type of descriptive study. Case studies provide us with
an insight into human behavior which may lead us to
discover new findings not discovered before.

Examples:

“A Case Study on the Disease Influenza A(H1N1) in La Salle

University”
“A Case Study on the Merit System of the University of
Makati”
2. Survey Research. Psychologist and other scientist
like political scientists devised this method of research in
order to gather data from a sample that represents a
larger population.

Examples:
“Leadership Styles and Sources of Stress Among
Personnel in the Bureau Customs”
“Consumer Behavior on the Purchase of Dairy Product in
the Province of Laguna.
3.Developmental Studies. When you
intend to get reliable information about
group of people over a long period of time,
your study may be developmental. Such
study requires you to devote a considerable
period on participants who may be
relatively heterogenous or homogeneous.
 There are three techniques used in this type
of research which are:
a. Longitudinal study.
• This technique devoted an extended period to study the
same sample. For example, you want to study the
development of the decision making skills of high school
students from first year to fourth year, a longitudinal
technique is necessary on which the researcher is required
to check the participants’ decision making skill from time
to time.
b. Cross-sectional research.
• It is a one-shot study of the development or occurrence of a
behavior or situation covering an extended period of time
(Dooley, 1995).
• It may involved participants of different level or life stages
or the same participants or sample in which the development
of such behavior is determined from the same participants
through the use of questionnaire that solicit responses
pertaining to its development covering a certain extended
period of time.
• For example, in the case of determining the
development of decision-making skills of
high school students, there will be four
groups of participants coming from four-
year levels in one specific time only.
 4.Assessment or Evaluative Research.
• This study measures the efficiency or
effectiveness of practices, policies, instruments
or other variables that may be considered for
research.
• In general, the word “assessment” is more
frequently used that “evaluation”.
Since surveys deal with impressions or perceptions of
respondents, it is oftentimes subjective. It is not like using
an instrument to measure blood pressure where one can
get the accurate measure. Evaluation is more strict and
rigid.

• For examples:
• “The Implementation of Management by Objectives
(MBO) in Selected Government Agencies”
•
• “The Improvement of the Bureau of Customs’ Operation
under the Administration of President Duterte.”
5.Comparative Studies.

• This descriptive type of study merely compares the

characteristics of groups according to some selected
variable without determining the cause.

Example: “Organizational Culture of Del Gallego

National high School and Sinuknipan National High
School: A Comparative Study.”
6.Correlational Studies.
• This is designed to determine how variables are related to
each other. This can describe the degree or extent of
relationship that exist between variables.

• Example: “Determining the Relationship between Age

and Leadership Dimension.”
•
• “The Degree of Relationship between Personality
Factors and Level of Job Satisfaction.”
7.Trends and Projections Studies. This is used for projects
or programs that are forward looking. It may also be known as
feasibility study where using data and conditions existing now
predict the future of the project.

o Examples:
“Projecting Housing Needs of the National Capital Region
by 2030”
The Establishment of a Prawn Farm in Tingoy Island: A
Feasibility Study”.
8.Documentary Analysis.
• This involves the gathering of information
by analyzing written records and
documents in order to solve problem.
3.6 Sample and Sampling Procedures/Techniques
(Population and Sampling Procedures

•Sample refers to the specific number

of respondents/participants drawn from
a population who are the primary
sources of data of a particular study.
 Sampling Procedure
• is the method to be used in the selection of the samples or the
techniques in choosing the specific individuals who will be the
respondents/participants of the study.

• There are two different types of sampling procedures: probability

(random) and non-probability (non-random).

• Probability (random) sampling methods ensure that there is a

possibility for each person in a sample population to be selected.

• Non-Probability method targets specific individuals.

 Some commonly used probability sampling
procedures for surveys are:
1.Simple random sampling- it is drawn randomly from
a list of individuals in a population.
2.Systematic random sampling-a variant of a simple
random sampling in which a random number is chosen
to select the first individual and so on from there.
3.Stratified sampling- dividing up a population into
smaller groups, and randomly sampling from each
group.
 1. Cluster Sampling
• dividing up a population into smaller groups,
and then only sampling from one of the
groups. Cluster sampling is considered a more
practical approach to surveys because it
samples by groups or clusters of elements
rather that by individual elements. (Lee, et.al,
1989) it also reduces interview costs.
Multistage sampling-

•first, sampling a set of

geographic areas. Then,
sampling a subset of areas
within those areas, and so on.
 •Non-Probability sampling
methods
1.Purposive sampling- to purposely
select individuals to survey.
2.Volunteer subjects- to ask for
volunteers to survey.
1.Convenient sampling- to survey individuals who can
be easily reached, and;
2.Quota sampling-to select individuals based on a set
quota. For example, if a census indicates that more
than half of the population is female, then the sample
will be adjusted accordingly.
• Clearly, there can be an inherent bias in non-
probability methods. Therefore, it is not surprising
that most survey researchers prefer probability
sampling methods. (Weisberg, 1989).
 Research Locale
(Research Setting)
• The setting or venue where the study takes place can be
discussed briefly and concisely.

• Basically, the locale where the study is/will be conducted

would probably have been mentioned in the “Background
of the Study” but important information about the setting
which are necessary in answering the problem statement
shall be explained.
 Questionnaire (Instrumentation)
• The questionnaire being the simplest instrument to be
used in data gathering is not easy to prepare unless
the researcher has identified an appropriate
standardized tool.

• It has also gained widespread acceptance as a

practical way of eliciting data for confirming or
disconfirming an inquiry or maybe a hypothesis.
Questionnaire (Instrumentation)
• Though, it has often been considered the most abused
one, it will provide several advantages for researchers if
constructed and administered properly.

• Basically, there are two kinds of questionnaires: open-

ended and close-ended (scaled/checklist) tools.
 Open-ended questionnaires
•are easier to prepare but difficult to analyze.
• In open-ended or essay-typed tool, responses may vary.
• The researcher has to examine variety of responses and find
out some patterns from the responses.
• Those patterns then shall be clustered/groups to come up with
the definite answers for each specific problem raised by the
study.
• Reliability is the degree of consistency and precision
or accuracy that a measuring instrument
demonstrates. If for instance, an instrument elicits
similar results on two testing occasions under similar
circumstances, the test is said to be consistent and
therefore it can be depended upon.
2 Basic criteria in judging the merit of the
instrument you will either choose or construct

•Validity is the degree to which a

test measures what it really must
measure. (Sevilla, et al.,2003).
 Close-ended questionnaires

•are difficult to prepare but easier

to analyze. Close-ended
questionnaire are represented by
numbers/scores which sum shall
serve as the overall results of the
study.
 Guidelines for a Good
Researcher-Made
Questionnaire
1. Do not overload the questionnaire. Ask only the
essentials. Do not make your respondents “data
captive”.
2. Make sure questions are answerable but avoid a “yes”
or “no” answers since they are considered weak in
quantitative research.
3. Be explicit so that questions will be answered truthfully
as possible.
4. Do not raise sensitive questions since it may produce
more refusals from respondents to answer.
 Sample Questionnaire Based on
Problem Statement
Indicator Always Sometimes2 Never
3 1
1. I have noticed computer shops
near the school building.
2. I have observed students in
their uniform entering computer
shops during class hours.
3. Computer shops do not post
notices of not allowing in uniform
to enter their promises.
 Statistical Treatment of Data
• Not all researches should submit to statistical
computations, but all researches shall make use of the
discrete operation such as frequency count and
percentage distribution.
• Any data subjected to research must undergo the
simplest counting even for the purpose of clustering,
categorizing and finding patterns.
Statistical Treatment of Data
• In qualitative research, data that have
frequently/repetitively occurred are reliable and
valid.
• Frequency will always be the measure of reliable
findings.
 Descriptive Statistics
• Statistics of Location or Measures of Central
Tendency

a.Arithmetic Mean/mean- it is defined as the sum

of the variables divided by the number of
variables.
b.Median- it represents the point on the scale or
on the distribution where half of the variables is
greater while the other half is lesser.
Descriptive Statistics
a.Mode- it is the simplest of the measures of central
tendency and is defined as the variable which occurs
most frequently in a statistical series.
b.Weighted Mean- it is the summation of all the
products of the frequency and the weights of a set of
variables divided by the total number of frequencies. It
is used to find the average of the responses to opinions
or items of the questionnaire which are given weights.
 3.5 Data collection method and
tools
• Interview
• Involve personal and direct contact between interviewee and
interviewers.
• unstructured interviews offer flexibility in terms of the flow of the
interview, thereby leaving room for the generation of conclusions
that were not initially meant to be derived regarding a research
subject.
3.5 Data collection method and
tools cont…
•However, there is the risk that the
interview may deviate from the
prespecified research aims and
objectives (Gill & Johnson, 2002).
•semi-structured questionnaire-
interview guide for the researcher
 Some sample questions that were included in
the semi-structured questionnaire were the
following:
•Question 1: What do you think about the popularity
of Greece as a tourist destination?

•Question 2: What do you think about the popularity

of Athens as a tourist destination?

•Question 3: What have you done as an organization

to promote Athens as a Tourist destination? Were
your activities efficient? (Please discuss)
•Question 4: Do you think that Athens can become a
more popular destination in the near future? How can it
enhance its brand name as a tourist destination?

•Question 5: What are the main problems and

Challenges of Athens as a Tourist destination? What are
the key advantages? What are these problems causing?
Are they affecting their activities for promoting Athens as
a destination?

•Question 6: What activities your organization applies for

addressing the problems that Athens faces as a tourist
destination?
•Question 7: In your view, which are the
improvements that your organization should
made in order to increase its efficiency and for
promoting tourism more effectively?

•Question 8: What do you think about the role of

Greek DMOs in promoting tourism in Greece? Do
you have any recommendations for improvement?

•Question 9: Do you have experience of DMOs in

other countries? How do they operate? What can
we learn from them?
•Question 10: How do you manage the tourist product
of Athens, except for marketing? Do you pay attention to
sustainable tourism issues? How do the city and
residents of Athens benefit from your management
practices?

•Question 11: Marketing and Destination Marketing can

help Athens and Greece to develop their touristic offer
more efficiently? With what actions and programs?
3.6 Sample selection