1.Introduction to Microbiology

INTRODUCTION TO
MICROBIOLOGY
Session 1
Students Learning Tasks
 By the end of this session
students are expected to be
able to:
 Define terms used in
microbiology
 Explain the history and
development of microbiology
Common Terminologies Used in
Pharmaceutical Microbiology (10 minutes)
 Microorganisms
 Microorganisms are organisms that are too small
to be not seen by naked eyes
 Microorganisms include viruses, bacteria, fungi,
protozoa.
 Microbiology
 Microbiology is the study of microorganisms which
must be viewed with the aid of a microscope or
electron microscope
 Pharmaceutical microbiology
 This deals with the study of microorganisms of
pharmaceutical importance
Common Terminologies Used in
Pharmaceutical Microbiology…….
 Bacteriology
 Is the study of bacteria
 Mycology
 Is the study of fungi
 Protozoology
 Is the study of protozoans
 Virology
 Is the study of viruses
Pharmaceutical microbiology
concept
 Is then the study of microorganisms

of pharmaceutical importance
 It deals with
 Production of drug by microbe e.g

penicillins
 Development of vaccine e.g poliomylitis
vacinnes
 Production of recombinant protein to
treat diseases are untreatable by
traditional methods e.g insulin
History and Development of
Microbiology (35 minutes)
 Robert Hooke (1660’s )

 Observed
microorganisms for the

first time with a
microscope and coined
the term “cell”.
 His work started the
process of the
development of the cell
theory of life “cell is a
basic unit of life” Hook’s
microscope
 Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723 )
 Credited with having observed the first
bacteria.
 He observed living cells with a simple
microscope, what we know today as bacteria –
rod shaped , spiral shaped , etc.
 Ferdinand Cohn(1828-1898)
 Developed the first classification scheme
based on bacteria shape.
 Cohn detailed and described the life cycle
of Bacillus.
 Cohn’s Classification System:
 Sphaerobacteria are spherically shaped.
 Microbacteria are rod shaped
 Desmobacteria are filamentous
 Spirobacteria are spiral shaped
 Louis Pasteur (1822-
1895)
 Defined pasteurization to
prevent spoilage of food
by bacteria, develop
vaccines and disproved
the scientific dogma of
“Spontaneous
Generation”.
 He defined “Germ
Theory” and
demonstrated that germs
Spontaneous
were responsible for
disease. Generation
 Robert Koch
(1843-1910)
 Identified anthrax
and developed agar

growth medium.
 Koch’s postulates
was a systematic
method to establish
the microbial cause
 Ignaz
Semmelweis
 Was the first to
recognize the need
for good hygiene
during medical
procedures.
 The first to identify
nosocomial
infections.
 Joseph Lister (1827-
1912)
 Developed antiseptic
methods for use in

surgery and
medicine.
 Would wash their
hands childbed fever

was prevented.
 He knew that phenol
would kill bacteria

 Paul Ehrlich (1854-
1915)
 Developed
chemotherapy to cure
infectious diseases
 Discovers antibiotics to
treat sleeping sickness
and syphilis. Arsenic
compound, that was
effective against syphilis
Syphilis spirochete: T.
pallidum Paul Ehrlich
 Alexander Fleming(1881-
1951)
 Discovered penicillin and
lysozyme.
 Observed mold growing on a
bacteria culture, there was a
ring of clearing around the
mold where the bacteria
didn’t grow
 The mold was later found to
be a penicillium species and
the naturally secreted
chemical was called
penicillin, an antibiotic
 Dmitri Ivansvski
(1864-1920)
 Discovered
the first virus
which is
known as the
tobacco
mosaic virus Tobacco mosaic
(TMV). virus
 Hershey & Chase (1952)
 Experiments identified that
DNA was the genetic

material of bacteriophages.
 Hershey Case Experiment:
using phage radioactively

labeled with P32 (DNA) or
S35 (protein) they infected
bacteria cells.
 They found the P32 inside
the bacteria not S35.

Key Points (5 minutes)
 Microorganisms are minute living things
that are too small to be seen by the
naked eye.
 Microbiology is the scientific study of
microorganisms
 Pharmaceutical microbiology is the
scientific study of microorganisms of
pharmaceutical importance
Evaluation (5 minutes)
 What is a microorganism?
 What is the difference between
microbiology and biology?
 Who is the father of microbiology?
 Give important land marks in the history
of microbiology
References
 Hugo and Russell (2011),
Pharmaceutical Microbiology 8th
Edition, Willey-Blackwel publications
 Karen C. Carroll et al (2013); Jawetz,
Melnick and Adelberg’s Medical

Microbiology 26th Ed. McGraw Hill Co.
Inc.
 Greenwood et al (2012); Medical
Microbiology, 18th edition Churchill

Livingstone

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INTRODUCTION TO

 Is then the study of microorganisms

 Production of drug by microbe e.g

 Robert Hooke (1660’s )

microorganisms for the

and developed agar

methods for use in

hands childbed fever

would kill bacteria

DNA was the genetic

using phage radioactively

the bacteria not S35.

Melnick and Adelberg’s Medical

Microbiology, 18th edition Churchill

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