UNIT 2

Ethics for IT Workers and IT Users

Managing IT Worker Relationship; Encouraging Professionalism
of IT Workers;
Encouraging Ethical Use of IT Resources among Users; Key
Privacy and Anonymity
Issues; Social Networking Ethical Issues
• Basic Principles(CIA)
• Confidentiality:
• Goal: Protect sensitive information from unauthorized access.
• Methods: Encryption, access controls, and authentication mechanisms.
• Examples: Protecting customer data, financial records, or intellectual property.
• Integrity
• Goal: Ensure the accuracy and trustworthiness of data throughout its lifecycle.
• Methods: Checksums, hash functions, digital signatures.
• Examples: Preventing unauthorized modifications to files or databases,
ensuring data consistency in transactions.
• Availability
• Goal: Ensure that information and systems are accessible when needed by
authorized users.
• Methods: Redundancy, backups, disaster recovery plans, and DDoS
protection.
• Examples: Keeping services operational, such as websites, applications, or
critical infrastructure systems.

1. Authentication: which ensure the data are genuine, authentication must

be validate to both the parties.
2. Non- repudiation: Non-repudiation is the assurance that someone cannot
deny the validity of something. Non-repudiation is a legal concept that's
widely used in information security and refers to a service, which provides
proof of the origin and integrity of data
• Example: receipts
• Internal Threats: Employees
• Definition: Threats from within the organization.
• Examples: Employees, contractors, or third-party partners.

• Security threats posed by employes

• Malicious Cyber Attacks
• Intentional Threats: Employees with access to sensitive data may
intentionally harm the organization by stealing, deleting, or corrupting
information.
• Motivations: Revenge, financial gain, or ideological reasons.
• Examples: Planting malware, creating backdoors, or selling data to
competitors.
• Social Engineering
• Definition: Psychological manipulation of employees to divulge sensitive
information.
• Techniques: Phishing emails, pretexting (posing as a trusted entity), or baiting
with malicious USB drives.
• Impact: Leads to unauthorized access or fraud.
• Downloading Malicious Internet Content
• Unintentional Threat: Employees accessing unverified websites or
downloading infected files.
• Consequences: Introduction of malware, ransomware, or spyware into the
network.
• Example: Clicking on an ad containing a Trojan horse
• Information Leakage
• Deliberate Actions: Employees sharing confidential information via email,
messaging apps, or social media.
• Accidental Actions: Sending emails to the wrong recipient or using unsecured
devices.
• Impact: Exposure of trade secrets, personal data, or intellectual property.
• Ethical Rules for computer users
• Don’t use computer to impair other users
• Don’t use computer to steal other information
• Don’t access file without permission
• Don’t snoop around others files
• Respect privacy etc.
• Goal of Ethics in IT
• To protect personal & commercial information, data.
• To control plagiarism, student identify fraud and copyright.
• To suppress dishonest business practice and protect and encourage fair
competition.
• etc
• What is professionals?
• A profession requires specialized knowledge and often intensive academic
preparation.

• Characteristics of a Professional
• Requires advanced training and experience.
• Involves exercising discretion and judgment.
• Cannot be standardized by time.
• Expectations: lifelong learning, societal contributions, assisting other
professionals.
• Special rights and responsibilities (e.g., doctor-patient confidentiality).
• Are IT Workers Professionals?
• Many roles in business, such as software engineers and network admins,
have professional traits.
• However, not all IT roles demand advanced knowledge as defined in the U.S.
Code.
• Legally, IT workers are not recognized as professionals due to the lack of
licensing requirements.
• Implication: Limited liability in malpractice cases since IT workers do not
meet the legal professional definition.
• Professional Relationships in IT
• IT workers manage diverse
relationships with:
• Employers, clients, suppliers, other
professionals, IT users, and society.
• Ethical behavior: honesty and
appropriateness in all relationships
• IT Worker-Employer Relationship
• Mutual respect boosts productivity and cooperation.
• Roles: system analyst, programmer, network admin, IT auditor, etc.
• Hiring Process
• Employers: Screen resumes, conduct interviews, offer jobs.
• Key agreements: Job title, responsibilities, salary, benefits.
• Workplace Policies
• Policies: Dress code, use of resources, confidentiality, leave.
• IT-specific rules: Tools, methodologies, testing protocols.
• Ethical Issues
• System Abuse: Misuse of data or systems.
• Trade Secrecy: Safeguard business-critical information.
• Whistleblowing: Reporting wrongdoings with protection.
• Security Concerns
• Data and network vulnerabilities require strong cybersecurity.
Employment Agreements
• Clear Job Role: Employers give a detailed job description; IT workers follow it.
2. Mutual Expectations
• What Employers Expect: IT workers should perform well, meet deadlines, and follow company
rules.
• What IT Workers Expect: Employers should provide support, training, and a good work
environment.
3. Company Policies and Conduct
• Ethics: IT workers must act responsibly, especially with data and security.
• Resource Use: Follow company guidelines on using software, hardware, and networks.
4. Flexibility and Adapting to Changes
• Adapting to New Tasks: IT workers may need to learn new skills or take on new tasks as technology
changes.
• Employer Support: Employers often offer training to help workers stay up-to-date.
5. Legal and Ethical Compliance
• Legal Standards: IT workers follow the law and company policies.
• Employer Responsibility: Employers must create a fair, safe, and lawful work environment.
• Relation Between IT worker and clients
• Importance of Positive Relationships
• Mutual Trust and Respect: Essential for successful project delivery.
• Effective Communication: Clear and frequent updates improve collaboration.
• Understanding Client Needs
• Requirement Gathering: IT workers must thoroughly understand client
expectations.
• Customization: Solutions tailored to meet specific business needs.
• Transparency
• Project Timelines: Regular updates on progress and challenges.
• Cost and Resource Management: Clear communication about budgets and
resource allocation.
• Ethical Considerations
• Data Confidentiality: Protect client information and maintain privacy.
• Professional Conduct: Uphold high standards in all client interactions

The project may go to danger zone when:

1. IT worker doesn’t understand client’s needs
2. Customer don’t have full understanding of the problem
3. The scope of work is defined poorly
4. The chosen technology changes
5. Unrealistic deadlines
6. Client are resistant
7. The project team lacks people with appropriate skills
8. IT worker avoid the use of latest tools and technology
• Relationships Between IT Workers and Suppliers
• Dependence on Quality Products and Services
• Reliable Equipment: IT workers need high-quality hardware and software to perform
their tasks.
• Service Continuity: Regular maintenance and timely support from suppliers help avoid
disruptions.
• Communication and Collaboration
• Clear Requirements: IT workers must clearly communicate their needs to suppliers for
accurate products or services.
• Regular Feedback: Feedback on performance and any issues helps suppliers make
improvements.
• Ethical and Sustainable Practices
• Quality Standards: IT workers expect suppliers to meet ethical, quality, and sustainability
standards.
• Data Privacy and Security: In some cases, suppliers handle sensitive information, so they
must comply with privacy standards.
• Relationships Between IT Workers and IT Users
• Understanding User Needs and Capabilities
• Identifying User Needs: IT workers need to know what users require to be effective in their roles.
• Considering Skill Levels: They should understand the capabilities and experience levels of users to
ensure the technology provided matches their needs.
• 2. Delivering Effective Solutions
• Product and Service Delivery: IT workers aim to deliver software, hardware, or services that best
support users’ needs.
• Balancing Resources: Solutions must meet organizational goals while fitting within time and budget
constraints.
• 3. Promoting Ethical Use of Technology
• Creating Ethical Standards: IT workers help set guidelines that discourage unethical behaviors like
software piracy.
• Reducing Inappropriate Use: Policies are established to limit misuse of resources, like browsing
non-work sites or using software illegally.
• Safeguarding Information: IT workers protect against inappropriate sharing of data, ensuring
secure and responsible handling of company information.
• Relationship between IT worker and other professionals
• Importance of Professional Ethics:
• Helps navigate complex workplace relationships.
• Necessary due to the significant societal impact of IT professionals' actions.
• Ethical Issues in IT:
• Exaggerating Skills on Resumes:
• Common practice to secure jobs.
• Leads to misinformation and potential long-term problems for both the individual and
the organization.
• Major cause of termination in many organizations.
• Unauthorized Sharing of Confidential Information:
• IT professionals have access to sensitive corporate data.
• Sharing information for personal gain (e.g., bribes) is unethical.
• Relationship between IT and Society
• Technology as a Driver of Social Change:
• Major societal changes are often technology-driven.
• The Industrial Revolution significantly transformed society through
technological advancements.
• Technology’s Impact on Employment and Economy:
• Creates jobs for managing and innovating technologies.
• Boosts income, government revenue, and economic gro
• Technology’s Integration with Human Life:
• Used for daily tasks: travel, communication, learning, business, and comfort.
• Technology itself is neutral; misuse by people creates negative impacts
• Encouraging Professionalism of IT Workers
1.Definition of Professionalism in IT
1. Maintaining high standards in technical knowledge, behavior, and service quality.
2. Acting responsibly and with integrity in handling sensitive tasks and data.
2.Ways to Encourage Professionalism
1. Training Programs: Provide ongoing technical and ethical training.
2. Clear Policies: Establish and enforce guidelines on acceptable behavior and work
standards.
3. Mentorship and Leadership: Encourage senior professionals to guide and mentor junior
staff.
4. Certification and Continuous Learning: Support certifications and professional
development to enhance skills.
3.Benefits of Professionalism
1. Increases trust from clients and stakeholders.
2. Leads to better-quality work and fewer ethical violations.
3. Helps build a positive reputation for the IT department or company.
• Professional Code of Ethics
• A professional code of ethics serves as a framework to guide behavior and
decision-making
• Integrity and Honesty
• Confidentiality
• Accountability
• Fairness and Equity
• Respect for Privacy
• Professional Competence
• Benefits of a Professional Code of Ethics:
• Provides a standard for evaluating conduct.
• Enhances trust and credibility within the profession.
• Promotes a culture of ethical decision-making.
• Four of the most well-known professional organizations in the field of Information
Technology (IT):
• Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
• Founded: 1947
• Focus: Advancing computing as a science and profession.
• Key Features:
• Publishes leading research journals and organizes conferences.
• Offers professional development through courses, webinars, and the ACM Digital Library.
• Prestigious awards include the Turing Award.
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
• Founded: 1963
• Focus: Advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.
• Key Features:
• Known for its IEEE Computer Society division, focusing on computing.
• Publishes high-impact journals and standards in IT and engineering.
• Hosts global conferences and provides continuing education.
• Association of Information Technology Professionals (AITP)
• Founded: 1951 (now part of CompTIA as CompTIA AITP)
• Focus: Career development and networking for IT professionals.
• Key Features:
• Offers resources for professional growth in IT management, business analysis, and more.
• Local chapters and student organizations provide networking and mentorship.
• Aimed at bridging the gap between IT theory and practical business applications.
• SANS Institute (SysAdmin, Audit, Network, Security Institute)
• Founded: 1989
• Focus: Cybersecurity training and certification.
• Key Features:
• Offers industry-leading certifications through the Global Information Assurance Certification (GIAC)
program.
• Renowned for hands-on cybersecurity courses, including penetration testing, incident response, and
digital forensics.
• Hosts events like the SANS Cyber Defense Initiative and maintains resources like the Internet Storm
Center for tracking cyber threats.
• Certification
• Definition of Certification:
• Certification signifies that a professional or product possesses specific abilities,
knowledge, or skills.
• Unlike licensing, certification can apply to both individuals and products and is
not mandated by law.
• Certification vs. Licensing:
• Licensing: Applies only to individuals and is legally required, typically with
adherence to a code of ethics.
• Certification: May or may not require adherence to an ethics code.
• Value of Certification:
• Pros: Provides a standardized measure of mastery in specific knowledge areas.
• Cons: Skeptical hiring managers argue that certification doesn't guarantee job
performance or replace practical experience.
• Licensing IT professionals??
• Encouraging Ethical Use of IT Resources Among Users
1.Importance of Ethical Use
1. Prevents misuse of corporate resources, data breaches, and unauthorized actions.
2. Protects the organization’s reputation and legal standing.
2.Methods to Encourage Ethical Use
1. Clear Usage Policies: Set out what is and isn’t acceptable for using IT resources.
2. Access Controls: Restrict access to sensitive systems and data.
3. Regular Training: Educate users about security risks, proper behavior, and legal
obligations.
4. Monitoring and Audits: Implement regular checks to ensure compliance with policies.
3.Examples of Ethical Use
1. Avoiding unauthorized software installation or illegal downloads.
2. Using internet and email only for work purposes, unless otherwise allowed.
3. Respecting intellectual property rights and avoiding plagiarism.
• Common ethical problem with IT users are:
1. Software theft/ piracy: The illegal downloading, copying, using of pirate
software.
2. Using computer resource improperly
3. Inappropriate sharing of information
• Business Software Alliance (BSA)
• Introduction to BSA
• Founded in 1988 as a global trade association for the software industry.
• Represents software and hardware companies worldwide.
• Headquartered in Washington, D.C., with offices and operations in over 60
countries.
• BSA’s Key Goals
• Protect Intellectual Property: Reducing software piracy and illegal use of
software.
• Advocate for Policy: Supporting policies that encourage innovation and
protect digital rights.
• Educate the Public: Providing resources about legal software use and
compliance.
• Key Activities of BSA
1.Enforcement of Software Licenses
1. Conducts investigations and takes legal action against companies using unlicensed
software.
2. Partners with local law enforcement in various countries to enforce copyright laws.
2.Education and Awareness Campaigns
1. Provides information on the risks of using pirated software (e.g., malware, security
risks).
2. Offers resources and tools to help organizations manage software licenses and remain
compliant.
3.Policy Advocacy
1. Works with governments to develop policies that support software innovation and
data protection.
2. Advocates for international agreements to protect software intellectual property.
• Key Privacy and Anonymity Issues

• What is Privacy?
• Privacy is the right of individuals or organizations to control their personal
information, including how it is collected, used, and shared. It involves
safeguarding personal data, maintaining confidentiality, and ensuring that
individuals have the ability to limit access to their information.
• Example:
• Cambridge Analytica and Facebook Scandal: In 2018, it was revealed that
Cambridge Analytica, a political consulting firm, had improperly accessed the
personal data of millions of Facebook users without their consent. The
company used this data to influence voter behavior during elections, sparking
significant public outcry and a closer look at how social media platforms
handle personal data
• Key aspects of privacy include:
1.Control: Individuals should have control over their data, including the ability
to decide what information they share, with whom, and for how long.
2.Confidentiality: Personal information should be kept secure from
unauthorized access or disclosure, especially sensitive data like health
records, financial information, or identifying details.
3.Transparency: Individuals should be informed about how their data is
collected, stored, and used, often through privacy policies or user
agreements.
4.Data Minimization: Only the necessary amount of data should be collected
and stored, reducing potential exposure and misuse of personal information.
5.Accountability: Organizations and individuals handling personal data are
responsible for its protection and must ensure it is managed responsibly and
in compliance with privacy laws and regulations.
• Social Networking ethical Issue
• As social networking has revolutionized the way people communicate, share
information and interact with the world. With these development, ethical issue
also have emerged. Some of the issues are:
• Privacy and data Security
• Misinformation and fake news
• Cyberbullying and harassment
• Addiction and mental health
• Exploitation of personal data for profit
• Censorship and freedom of speech
What is E-Discovery?
• Definition: Electronic Discovery is the process of identifying, collecting, and
reviewing electronic information for legal cases.
• Examples of ESI: Digital documents, emails, databases, chat logs, social
media content, and more.
• Importance: As digital evidence becomes critical to modern cases, E-
Discovery allows fair access to all relevant information.
E-Discovery in the Context of Nepal
• Emerging Use: E-Discovery is new in Nepal, primarily used in complex cases
involving digital fraud or electronic records.
• Types of Cases: Cybercrime, business disputes, banking fraud, regulatory
cases.
• Current Practice: Courts are more familiar with traditional paper evidence,
and digital evidence is still evolving.
• Legal Framework and E-Discovery in Nepal
• Electronic Transactions Act, 2063 (2008): Governs digital communication and e-
signatures, but limited in E-Discovery processes.
• Cybercrime Laws: Address digital fraud and cybercrime but need updates for handling
ESI.
• Need for Clear Guidelines: Nepal lacks comprehensive policies on preserving,
collecting, and handling ESI for legal cases.
• Challenges of E-Discovery in Nepal
1.Lack of Legal Infrastructure: Limited E-Discovery policies and standards in legal
procedures.
2.Limited Awareness: Judges, lawyers, and law enforcement may lack training in
handling ESI.
3.Technological Limitations: Many organizations in Nepal lack the technology to store
or search through large volumes of digital data.
4.Data Privacy Concerns: Proper data privacy laws are needed to protect individuals
during E-Discovery.
• Case Studies and Examples in Nepal
• Example 1: Banking Fraud: Cases where digital evidence like transaction logs,
emails, and database records are collected for investigation.
• Example 2: Cybercrime Investigations: Use of chat logs, emails, and online
transaction records to build cases.
• Example 3: Government Data Audits: Limited instances of electronic data
audits in public sectors as part of anti-corruption efforts.
• Why is E-Discovery Important?
• Purpose: Helps ensure fair legal processes by making relevant digital
evidence accessible.
• Common Uses: Criminal and civil cases, corporate disputes, and regulatory
investigations.
• Challenge: Handling the vast amount of digital data created daily.
• The E-Discovery Process
• Key Steps:
• Identification: Find relevant data.
• Collection: Securely gather the data.
• Preservation: Protect data from tampering or deletion.
• Review & Production: Organize, analyze, and share with the court and other parties.
• Ethical Issues in E-Discovery
• Key Questions:
• Is it ethical to hide or destroy incriminating evidence?
• How proactive should organizations be in producing evidence?
• Is it right to "bury" evidence in excessive amounts of trivial data?
• Ethics in Practice: Transparency and honesty are essential to maintain trust in
legal processes.
• Case Study:
• Apple vs Samsung
• Case Type: Patent Infringement
• Parties Involved: Apple Inc. and Samsung Electronics
• Key Issue: Apple claimed that Samsung infringed on its smartphone
patents, copying design and technology features.
• Legal Setting: This multi-country litigation was one of the largest patent
cases globally, spanning from 2011 to 2018.
• Samsung’s Failure to Implement Effective Litigation Hold
• Issue: Samsung neglected to ensure all employees involved in the case
preserved relevant data.
• Consequences: Loss of potential evidence, including internal emails that
might have influenced the case.
• Court Ruling: The judge criticized Samsung for this oversight, which resulted in
sanctions and negatively impacted Samsung’s legal standing.
• Apple’s Compliance Challenges
• Samsung’s Counterclaim: Samsung argued that Apple also failed to preserve
relevant data.
• Court’s Finding: The court found that Apple did implement litigation holds,
but both companies faced challenges in managing vast amounts of ESI.
• Learning Outcome: This led to a focus on thorough compliance and ESI
preservation protocols across both companies.
• Consumer Profiling
• Definition: Collection and analysis of consumer data to understand preferences and
behaviors.
• Purpose: Tailor marketing and improve product relevance.
• Imagine a company like Daraz. They track your browsing history, purchase patterns, and
even what you leave in your cart. This data helps them build a profile of your preferences
and habits. So, when you log in, they’re ready with personalized product recommendations,
targeted ads, and even emails tailored to what you're likely to buy next. Creepy or cool?
• Types of Consumer Profiling
• Demographic Profiling
• Definition: This type focuses on statistical data about consumers, including characteristics
such as age, gender, income level, education, occupation, marital status, and ethnicity.
• Purpose: Helps businesses segment their audience based on quantifiable factors, allowing
for targeted marketing strategies.
• Example: A clothing retailer might use demographic profiling to target young, single women
with specific promotions on trendy apparel.
• Psychographic Profiling
• Definition: This profiling approach examines consumers' lifestyles, values,
attitudes, interests, and personality traits.
• Purpose: Provides deeper insights into why consumers make certain
purchasing decisions, going beyond just who they are.
• Example: A wellness brand may target consumers who prioritize health and
sustainability by promoting eco-friendly products that align with their values
• Behavioral Profiling
• Definition: This type analyzes consumer behaviors and patterns, including
purchase history, brand loyalty, product usage, and engagement with
marketing efforts.
• Purpose: Helps businesses understand how and why customers interact with
their products or services, enabling personalized marketing strategies.
• Example: An online streaming service might use behavioral profiling to
recommend shows based on users' viewing history.
• Geographic Profiling
• Definition: This profiling type focuses on the location of consumers,
considering factors such as region, city, neighborhood, and even specific
addresses.
• Purpose: Assists businesses in understanding local market dynamics and
tailoring marketing strategies to specific geographic areas.
• Example: A restaurant chain may use geographic profiling to promote
different menu items based on regional tastes and preferences.
• Data Collection Methods
• Direct Collection: Users provide information through:
• Website registration, surveys, forms, and online contests.
• Indirect Collection:
• Cookies: Text files stored on users’ devices to track web activity.
• Tracking Software: Analyzes browsing habits to deduce interests
• How Cookies Work
• Cookies enable:
• Tracking return visits and personalizing ads based on past interactions.
• Repetition marketing to increase product recall.
• Tracking other websites a user visits to enhance targeted advertising
• Offline Consumer Data Collection
• Marketing firms collect data from:
• Credit Card Use: Tracks spending habits.
• Loyalty Programs: Monitors purchases.
• DMV and Warranty Registrations: Adds to personal data profiles.
• Lack of Consent: Often, data is collected and shared without explicit permission.
Privacy Concerns and Anonymity
• Data from cookies is anonymous unless linked to personal data.
• Linking personal info (e.g., name and address) can:
• Lead to identifying further private details.
• Be used by companies to initiate direct marketing or sold to third parties.
Consumer Data Privacy as a Major Issue
• Customer Trust: Companies need to protect and respect data.
• Legal Implications: Privacy violations can lead to lawsuits and lost business.
• Transparency: Lack of insight into how data is used post-collection.
• Workplace Monitoring
• Tracking employee activities to ensure compliance with company policies and
enhance productivity.
• Importance of Monitoring Helps reduce non-work-related activities and
potential legal liabilities
• Scope of Workplace Monitoring
• Common Monitoring Practices
• Email and internet usage tracking.
• Phone call recordings.
• Video surveillance.
• Random drug testing and psychological assessments.
• Reasons for Monitoring
• Productivity Concerns
• Studies show workers spend significant time on personal activities (60-80% online).
• Companies banning social media to reduce waste.
• Legal Protection
• Establishing policies to protect against harassment and lawsuits.

• Controversies and Concerns

• Privacy Invasion
• Monitoring practices can be seen as intrusive.
• Employees may feel their personal lives are being scrutinized.
Advanced
Surveillanc
e
Technology
• Key Ethical Considerations
1.Privacy vs. Security: The balance between enhancing public safety and
maintaining individual privacy rights.
2.Transparency: Clear communication with individuals about surveillance
practices and data collection methods.
3.Consent: The need for informed consent, particularly with technology that
can infringe on personal privacy.
4.Potential for Abuse: Risks associated with misuse of technology, such as
stalking or political intimidation.
5.Public Awareness: The importance of educating the public about the
presence and capabilities of surveillance technologies
Social Networking Ethical Issues
Platforms enabling users to create profiles, connect with others, share
content, and communicate.
Importance of Ethical Considerations
As social networking becomes prevalent, ethical issues arise regarding privacy,
data usage, and user behavior.
• Privacy Concerns
• Data Collection
• Social media platforms collect extensive user data (location, interests, behaviors).
• User Awareness
• Many users are unaware of how their data is used and shared.
• Ethical Implications
• Consent and transparency: Are users truly informed about data usage?
• Misinformation and Fake News
• Definition of Misinformation
• False or misleading information spread intentionally or unintentionally.
• Impact on Society
• Can influence public opinion, elections, and health decisions.
• Ethical Responsibility
• Platforms must take steps to mitigate misinformation spread.
• Cyberbullying and Harassment
• Definition
• Online bullying through social networks, often anonymous.
• Consequences
• Mental health issues, social isolation, and sometimes tragic outcomes.
• Ethical Dilemma
• Responsibility of platforms to protect users versus freedom of expression.
• Intellectual Property Issues
• Copyright Infringement
• Sharing copyrighted content without permission.
• Plagiarism
• Misappropriating someone else's work as one's own.
• Ethical Considerations
• Respect for creators' rights versus user-generated content.
• Authenticity and Deception
• Fake Profiles and Catfishing
• Creating false identities to deceive others.
• Impacts on Trust
• Erodes trust among users and affects online relationships.
• Ethical Implications
• The moral responsibility of users to represent themselves honestly
• Commercialization of Personal Data
• Targeted Advertising
• Use of personal data for targeted marketing.
• User Consent
• Ethical issues around informed consent and user knowledge.
• Economic Exploitation
• Users may feel exploited for profit without adequate compensation.
• Surveillance and Monitoring
• Data Surveillance
• Monitoring user activity by governments and corporations.
• Implications for Privacy
• Users may feel their freedom is curtailed.
• Ethical Considerations
• Balance between safety and invasion of privacy.