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Class10electricityppt 200628112931

The document provides an overview of electricity, including the concepts of conductors, insulators, electric charge, current, potential difference, and Ohm's law. It explains the behavior of electric circuits, the measurement of current and voltage, and the relationship between resistance, resistivity, and temperature. Additionally, it covers electrical energy, power, and the commercial unit of energy, kWh.

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anil.mallah76
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© © All Rights Reserved
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10 views26 pages

Class10electricityppt 200628112931

The document provides an overview of electricity, including the concepts of conductors, insulators, electric charge, current, potential difference, and Ohm's law. It explains the behavior of electric circuits, the measurement of current and voltage, and the relationship between resistance, resistivity, and temperature. Additionally, it covers electrical energy, power, and the commercial unit of energy, kWh.

Uploaded by

anil.mallah76
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Made by:

ANIL
VIJAYBAHADHUR
MALLAH
 Electricity is the flow of electrons around a
closed circuit

 It was discovered by William Gilbert

 It consists of electrons in motion


 Conductors are those materials that
allow flow of electricity through them

 They can conduct electricity because of the


presence of free electrons between the
atoms of the substance

 All the metals are good conductors of


electricity and graphite (the only non
metal) can also conduct electricity
 Insulators are those materials that do
not allow flow of electricity through
them

 They cannot conduct electricity because


they don’t have free electrons between
their atoms

 All the non metals (except graphite)


are insulators
 When a glass rod is rubbed with a silk
cloth, it acquires the ability to attract
small particles of paper and is said to
have acquired an ‘Electric Charge’

 S.I. unit of electric charge is


‘Coulomb’

 Symbol for coulomb is ‘C’


 Electric current is the flow of electrons
through a conducting material (like
copper, iron, etc.)

 The device that causes the flow of


electrons is called a cell (or a battery if 2
or more cells are connected in a row)
 Electrons flow from the negative terminal to
the positive terminal

 By convention, electric current flows from


positive terminal to the negative terminal
 Electric current is expressed as the rate
of flow of charge through a conductor per
unit time, i.e.
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 (𝑄)
(𝐼) =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
S.I. unit of electric current is Ampere (A)
1 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏

1 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒 (𝐶)
1 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
and
𝐴 =
(𝑠)
Electric current is measured by
Ammeter
 Electric potential is the capability of a charge
to move unit positive charge from one point
to another

 Electric potential difference is the work done


to bring unit positive charge from one point
to another, i.e.
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒
P𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑊)
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
(𝑉) =
(𝑄)

 S.I unit of potential difference is Voltage (V) and


is measured by Voltmeter
 Electric current will flow through a conductor
only if there is a difference in the electric
potential between the two ends of the
conductor

 The potential difference in a circuit is provided by


a cell or battery

 The chemical reaction in the cell produces a


potential difference between the two terminals
and sets the electrons in motion and produces
electric current
 Electric circuit is a continuous and
closed path of an electric current

A schematic diagram of
an electric circuit
comprising of a cell,
electric bulb, ammeter
and plug key
Battery or a
Cell combination
of Cells
Crossing not Crossing
connected connecte
d
Plug Key or Plug Key or
Switch Switch
(Open) (Closed)

Electric Resisto
Bulb r
Variable
Resistance
or Rheostat

Ammete Voltmete
r r
 Voltmeter is a device that measures the
potential difference across the ends of
any conducting material

 It is connected in parallel to the ends of


the conducting material

 It has high resistance


 Ammeter is a device that
measures the current flowing
through any conducting material

 Itis connected in series to


the conducting material

 It has low resistance


 Ohm’s law states
that,
The current flowing through a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference between its
ends provided all the physical conditions remain

𝑰 𝜶 𝑽 or 𝑽 = 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 or 𝑽 = 𝑹
the same, i.e.

𝑰
𝑰

 Here, the constant (R) stands for resistance for


a given conductor wire at a given
temperature
 Resistance is the property of a conductor to resist the flow
of
electrons through it.

𝑹 =𝑽
 According to Ohm’s law,
𝑰

 The S.I. unit of resistance is Ohm (Ω)

 If the potential difference around the two ends of the wire is


1 V and the current flowing through the wire is 1 A, then
the resistance of the wire is said to be 1 Ω
 The resistance of a conductor
is: directly proportional to the length of the wire
1.

2. inversely proportional to the area of the cross section of


the wire
3. dependent on the material of the conductor
4. directly proportional to the temperature of the material,

𝐑𝛂𝐈
i.e.
𝐑
𝛂 ��
𝐈
𝐑
�

= 𝛒
Or
 Here, ρ (rho)
�
�
� is the constant of proportionality
called
Resistivity of the material of the conductor.
 Its S.I. unit is Ohm Metre (Ωm)
 Conductors like metals and alloys have
low resistivity of 10-8 Ωm to 10-6 Ωm

 Insulators like rubber, glass etc. have


high resistivity 1012 Ωm to 1017 Ωm.

 Substances with low resistivity are


better conductors of electricity than
those with high resistivity
 When three resistors R1, R2 and R3 are connected in
series across AB
i. The current in all the resistors is same
ii. The total voltage across the resistors is equal to the
sum
of the voltage across each resistor
V = V1 +V2 +V3
iii. The equivalent resistance is the sum of the resistances
of each resistor. This increases the total resistance
Rs = R1 +R2 +R3
 When three resistors R1, R2 and R3 are connected in
parallel across AB
i. The voltage in all the resistors is same
ii. The total current in all the resistors is the sum of the current
in each resistor
I = I1 +I2 +I3
iii. The reciprocal of the equivalent resistance is the sum of
the reciprocals of resistances of each resistor. This
decreases the total resistance
1 1 1
1 Rp
= R1 R2 + R3
+
 Electrical
energy is the work done
to maintain the flow of current in

W = Q × V where, Q = I × t
a conductor

∴ W = VIt where, V = IR
∴ W= I2Rt

 S.I. unit of electrical energy is Joule


(J)
 Electric power is the rate at which electric current
is used
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑃) where 𝑊 = 2
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑒
(𝑊)
= 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑡) , 𝐼 𝑅𝑡

∴ 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑡𝐼 𝑅𝑡 =
2

𝐼2𝑅𝑡 Or, 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑉𝐼

 S.I. unit of power is Watt (W)

 An object has 1 Watt of power when


1Ampere of current flows
across a conductor with a potential
difference of 1Volt
Commercial unit of energy is kWh (Kilowatt
Hour)

 One kWh is the power consumed when 1W


of power is used for 1 hour

 Relationship between Kilowatt hour and

1 kWh = 1 kW × 1 h
Joule:

1 kWh = 1000 W × 3600 s

1 kWh = 3.6 × 106 J


1 kWh = 3600000 J
 If a current ‘I’ flows through a resistor of resistance ‘R’ and ‘t’ be
the time for which a charge ‘Q’ flows through it, then the work
done to move the charge through potential difference ‘V’
W=
𝑄
= 𝐼 or P =
QV 𝑊 𝑄
P= 𝑡 𝑉𝑡 and
= Heat
or 𝑡 IV (H) = Pt =
Energy
VIt According to Ohm’s law,

∴ H = I2Rt
V = IR
That’s it
folks…

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