Cardio Vascular System (Blood)

CARDIO VASCULAR SYSTEM
(BLOOD)
MR. MAXWELL LUKOKO
INTRODUCTION
 Blood is a connective tissue in fluid form.
 It has several names in relation to its roles in the body.
1. fluid of life’ because it carries oxygen from lungs to all parts
of the body and carbon dioxide from all parts of the body to the
lungs.
2. ‘fluid of growth’ because it carries nutritive substances from
the digestive system and hormones from endocrine gland to all
the tissues.
3. ‘fluid of health’ because it protects the body against the
diseases and gets rid of the waste products and unwanted
substances by transporting them to the excretory organs
PROPERTIES OF BLOOD
1. Color: Blood is red in color. Arterial blood is scarlet red because it contains
more oxygen and venous blood is purple red because of more carbon
dioxide.
2. Volume: Average volume of blood in a normal adult is 5 L. In a newborn
baby, the volume is 450 ml. It increases during growth and reaches 5 L at
the time of puberty
3. Reaction and pH: Blood is slightly alkaline and its pH in normal conditions
is 7.4
4. Viscosity: Blood is five times more viscous than water. It is mainly due to
red blood cells and plasma proteins.
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
 Blood contains the blood cells which are called formed elements and
the liquid portion known as plasma
BLOOD CELLS
1. Red Blood Cells

Red blood cells (RBCs) are the non-nucleated formed elements in the blood
Normally, the RBCs are disk shaped and biconcave (dumbbell shaped).
Average lifespan of RBC is about 120 days. After the lifetime the senile
(old) RBCs are destroyed in reticuloendothelial system
Functions of Red Blood cells
 Transport of Oxygen from the Lungs to the Tissues
 Transport of Carbon Dioxide from the Tissues to the Lungs
 Buffering Action in Blood (Hb)
 In Blood Group Determination
2. White Blood Cells (WBCs)
(WBCs) or leukocytes are the colorless and nucleated formed elements of blood.
Compared to RBCs, the WBCs are larger in size and lesser in number
Differences between WBC and RBC
Feature WBC RBC
Colour white Red
Number Less Many
Size larger Smaller
Shape irregular Biconcave shape
Nucleus Present absent
Granules Present absent
Types Many types One type
Lifespan Shorter (1-15 days) Longer (120 days)
FUNCTIONS OF WBC
 Generally, WBCs play an important role in defense mechanism.
 These cells protect the body from invading organisms or foreign bodies,
either by destroying or inactivating them
 However, in defense mechanism, each type of WBCs acts in a different way
 Neutrophils along with monocyte provide the first line of defense against the
invading microorganism.
 Eosinophils play an important role in the defense mechanism of the body
against the parasites
 Basophils play an important role in healing processes.
 Basophils also play an important role in allergy or acute hypersensitivity
reactions (allergy).
 Lymphocytes play an important role in immunity.
 Functionally, the lymphocytes are classified into two categories,
namely T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes.
 T lymphocytes are responsible for the development of cellular
immunity and B lymphocytes are responsible for the development of
humoral immunity.
CLASSIFICATION OF WBC
 Based on the presence or absence of granules in the cytoplasm, the leukocytes
are classified into two groups:
1. Granulocytes (eosinophils, basophils neutrophils
2. Agranulocytes (monocytes and lymphocytes)
Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Lymphocyt

Monocyte
e
GRANULOCYTES AGRANULOCYTES
PROPERTIES OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS
1. Diapedesis
leukocytes squeeze through the narrow blood vessels
2. Ameboid Movement
Neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes show amebic movement,
characterized by protrusion of the cytoplasm and change in the shape
3. Chemotaxis
Chemotaxis is the attraction of WBCs towards the injured tissues by
the chemical substances released at the site of injury
4. Phagocytosis
Neutrophils and monocytes engulf the foreign bodies
PLATELETS
 Platelets or thrombocytes are the formed elements of blood.

 Platelets are small colorless, non-nucleated and moderately refractive
bodies.
 Platelets have three important properties (three ‘A’s): 1. Adhesiveness 2.
Aggregation 3. Agglutination
Functions of platelets
1. Role in blood clotting
2. Role in clot retraction
3. Role in prevention of blood loss (hemostasis)
4. Role in defense mechanism
BLOOD GROUPS
 When blood from two individuals is mixed, sometimes clumping
(agglutination) of RBCs occurs
 This clumping is because of the immunological reactions
 Determination of ABO blood groups depends upon the immunological
reaction between antigen and antibody
 Landsteiner found two antigens on the surface of RBCs and named
them as A antigen and B antigen
 These antigens are also called agglutinogens because of their
capacity to cause agglutination of RBCs.
 He noticed the corresponding antibodies or agglutinins in the plasma
and named them anti-A or α-antibody and anti-B or β-antibody
 However, a particular agglutinogen and the corresponding
agglutinin cannot be present together If present, it causes clumping
of the blood
 Based on this, Karl Landsteiner classified the blood groups. Into the
ABO system and Rh system
ABO SYSTEM
 Based on the presence or absence of antigen A and antigen B, blood is
divided into four groups:
1. ‘A’ group
2. ‘B’ group
3. ‘AB’ group
4. ‘O’ group.
 Blood having antigen A belongs to ‘A’ group, p. This blood has β-antibody
in the serum.
 Blood with antigen B and α-antibody belongs to ‘B’ group
 If both the antigens are present, blood group is called ‘AB’ group and
serum of this group does not contain any antibody.
 If both antigens are absent, the blood group is called ‘O’ group and
both α and β antibodies are present in the serum.
RH FACTOR
 Rh factor is an antigen present in RBC

 There are many Rh antigens but only the D antigen is more antigenic in human
 The persons having D antigen are called ‘Rh positive’ and those without D antigen
are called ‘Rh negative’
 Rh group system is different from ABO group system because, the antigen D does
not have corresponding natural antibody (anti-D).
 However, if Rh positive blood is transfused to a Rh negative person anti-D is
developed in that person
 On the other hand, there is no risk of complications if the Rh positive person
receives Rh negative blood.

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CARDIO VASCULAR SYSTEM

1. Red Blood Cells

Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Lymphocyt

 Platelets or thrombocytes are the formed elements of blood.

 Rh factor is an antigen present in RBC

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