Bonds and

Structure
Elements are held together in
different ways.
Properties of chemical
compounds are determined by
the bonding between atoms
and the attractive
Syllabus Content:
1. Explain how a molecule is formed when
two or more atoms join together
chemically, through a covalent bond.
2. Describe a covalent bond as a bond made
when a pair of electrons is shared by two
atoms
3. Describe an ion as an atom which has
gained at least one electron to be
negatively charged or lost at least one
electron to be positively charged.
4. Describe an ionic bond as an attraction
 Vocabulary
1. ionic bonds 9. negative charge
2. covalent bonds 10.Neutral
3. chemical formula 11.simple structures
4. formula unit 12.giant ionic
5. covalent bonding structures
6. ionic bonding 13.lattice structure
7. Ion 14.Ion
8. positive charge 15.Cation
16.anion
Q: What is Reactivity?
Ans: Readiness of a substance to undergo a chemical change
Q: What makes an element reactive?
Ans: The number of electrons in the
outermost shell of an atom determines its
reactivity.
Examples:
Compare atomic structure of Lithium and
Helium ( for reactivity)
Compare atomic structure of Lithium and
sodium ( for increased reactivity trend down
the group)
Arrangement of electrons in orbit:
• Each orbit hold certain number of
electrons before it is full e.g He can
hold only 2 electrons in its only shell
and then it is complete(full)
• Berillium (atomic number 4) has first
orbit ( with 2 electrons) and another
orbit surrounding the first orbit. The
second orbit also contain 2 electrons
but it is not complete( not full). There is
total a capacity of 6 more electrons in
second orbit before it is considered full
( complete).
• Some elements need 8 electrons in
their orbits before they are full and
some elements need even more.
Outer orbit is most important for chemical reactions. Reactivity depends upon number of
electrons in the outer orbit. If this orbit is full= inert gases=group 8), the atoms are
unreactive and called stable
Formation of molecules: joining of two or
more atoms by chemical bonding results in
formation of molecules.
Molecules can be formed due to: joining of
atoms of same elements or atoms of different
elements
Examples:
1.molecule of water H2O contain H and O atoms
chemically combined together
2. protein molecule contains hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen and carbon atoms.
MOLECULE is two or more atoms connected by chemical
bonds. Molecule is the smallest particle of an element or
a compound that has properties of the element or the
compound and can exist in a free state.

BONDS
connec
t
atoms
Q: what are Chemical bonds?
Ans: The force of attraction between atoms
or ions to form chemical compounds.
Q: Why do atoms make a bond?
Ans: Bonds form when atoms share or
transfer valence electrons to complete the
outermost energy level/shell/orbit
Q: state different types of bonds?
Ans: ionic and covalent bonds
Q: What are covalent bonds
Ans: It is formed by equal sharing of
electrons from participating atoms.
Covalent bonds are also called molecular
bonds. Sharing of electrons pairs will
ensure that the atoms achieve stability in
their outer shell, which is similar to the
atoms of noble gases.
Covalent bonding by hydrogen atom
• Hydrogen atom has one electron in its outer shell
• It needs one more for stability
• It achieve this by forming a covalent bond with
another hydrogen atom
Covalent bonds in Oxygen
molecule:
Oxygen has 6 electrons in its
outer shell. It needs 2 more
electrons to complete its shell.
When an oxygen atom forms a
covalent bond with another
Atomic number
oxygen atoms, it shares two of Oxygen is 8
electrons. This means that
each atom how has eight
electrons in its outer orbit
instead of six and each atom
become stable
Q:Describe how the oxygen atom and
two hydrogen atom become stable
through covalent bonds?
Ans: oxygen atom outer most shell has
6 electrons. It needs two more electrons
to become stable. Hydrogen atom Water
contains one electron in its outer shell and molecule
it needs one more electron to become H2O
stable. In a chemical reaction between
hydrogen and oxygen(during formation of
water molecule) , one oxygen atom
chemically combines with two hydrogen
atoms through covalent bonding
Q: Describe how the carbon atom and
four hydrogen atoms in methane molecule
become stable through covalent bonds?
Ans: Methane is a gas and its
chemical formula is CH4. 1 carbon
atom forms covalent bonds with
four hydrogen atoms. They share
Molecule of
an electron each, and this sharing methane
completes the outer shell of both
the carbon atom and the
hydrogens making these atoms
stable.
Q: How ions are formed?
Ans: ions are formed when an atom gains or looses
an electron during which it become unstable and
carries a charge.
Q: What are ionic bonds?
Ans: Ionic bonds are formed between two
or more atoms by the complete transfer
of one or more electrons between these
atoms. Electron transfer produces
negative ions called anions and positive
ions called cations.
Q: Describe ionic bond formation between
sodium and chlorine atom.
Ans: Sodium atomic number is 11. It as one electron
in the last shell. Chlorine atomic number is 17 and it
has 7 electrons in last shell. Sodium atom donates one
of its electrons to an atom of chlorine in a chemical
reaction. Sodium atom now has total 10 electrons and
11 protons. This makes sodium atom positively
charged (cation). Chlorine atom after gaining an
electron from sodium now has total 18 electrons and
17 protons making it negatively charged (anion). The
positive and negative ions attract each other and form
the ionic compound sodium chloride (common table
salt).
Q: How ionic bonds are represented in diagram?
Ans: these are represented with brackets [] around each
ion, together with charge that it possesses as + or - .
Structures: Atoms of elements and compounds from
structures (simple or giant )
Simple structures:
1. Made from small number of atoms held by covalent bonds
2. Molecules are held together by week forces to make liquid or
solids
3. These are week forces and if energy applied, it break these
forces between them and molecules move apart
4. These have low melting and boiling points
5. Simple structure don’t conduct electricity because electrons
are tightly bonded between the atoms
Giant Covalent Structures:
1. Huge number of atoms create a repeating pattern of linkage called lattice.
2. Examples: Diamond, graphite, silica
3. Diamond is formed by carbon atoms sharing four electrons to make bonds
4. Graphite is formed using three of their electrons to make covalent bonds
5. Silica is formed from atoms of silicon and oxygen.it forms a mineral called
quartz.
6. Bonds holding giant covalent structure are very strong
7. All the electrons are used in bond formation so the materias are very hard
8. No free electron present so they don’t conduct electricity.
9. Lot of energy is required to break strong covalent bonds that hold the
atoms together so they have high melting and boiling points.
Giant ionic structures: are molecules made of a
large number cations and anions joined by
ionic bonds. These are arranged in an
alternating, regular three dimensional
structure forming a regular lattice.
In lattice of NaCl, the ions of sodium and
chlorine are packed tightly together. There are
equal number of sodium and chlorine ions. The
arrangement is expressed in formula unit NaCl.
In lattice of MgO, for every ion of oxygen,there
is an ion of magnesium. This arrangement is
expressed as formula unit MgO.
Properties of Giant Ionic Structures:
1. Ionic bonds holding ions together in lattice are very
strong and large amount of energy is required to break
them apart.
2. Substances with these structures have high melting and
boiling points.
3. All electrons are held within the bonds and no free
electrons left making these non conductors of electricity.
4. If lattice is placed in water and dissolved, ions will split
and move freely and water solution can conduct
electricity now.