INTRODUCTION TO

COMPUTERS:
COMPUTER
ORGANIZATION
GROUP
3
Definition of a Computer:
A computer is essentially a tool that
helps us process information. It takes in
data, follows a set of instructions (or
programs), and produces output, whether
it’s displaying a webpage, running a
game, or analyzing data.
Importance of Studying Computer
Organization:
Importance of Studying Computer
Organization:
1. Understanding How It Works
2. Improving Performance
3. Enhancing Problem-Solving Skills
4. Building a Strong Foundation
5. Expanding Career Options
 A computer Is made up of several key components
that work together to make it function smoothly.

1.CPU (Central Processing Unit)

This is the brain of the computer. It processes instructions and
performs calculations. It controls everything happening inside the
computer, from running software to handling data.

COMPONENTS OF CPU

-Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

-Control Unit (CU)
-Register
-Cache
-Clock
-Buses
 2. COMPUTER MEMORY:
Is a crucial component that stores data and
instructions for processing.

TYPES OF MEMORY
Primary Memory:
Cache Memory Virtual
Random Access Memory
(RAM) Memory
- Level 1 Cache (L1)
- Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
- Level 2 Cache (L2)
- Static RAM (SRAM)
- Level 3 Cache (L3)
Secondary Memory (Storage) Read-Only Memory (ROM)

Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) - PROM (Programmable ROM)

- Solid-State Drives (SSDs) - EPROM (Erasable Programmable
- Optical Drives ROM)
 3. STORAGE:
This is where all your files, programs, and the operating
system are stored long-term.

TYPES OF STORAGE
Primary Storage (Volatile Optical Storage Network Attached Storage
Memory) (NAS)
- CDs/DVDs/Blu-ray Discs
- Random Access Memory (RAM)
- Cache Memory Cloud Storage

Secondary Storage
Flash Storage Tapes and Other Legacy Storage
(Non-Volatile Memory)
- Hard Disc Drives (HDDs) - USB Flash Drives - Magnetic Tape Drives
- Solid State Drives (SSDs) - Memory Cards - Zip Disks and Other Legacy Media
- Hybrid Drives (SSHD)
4. Input Devices:
These are the tools you use to interact with the computer, like a
keyboard, mouse, or touchscreen. They send data to the computer
to process

TYPES OF INPUT
- Keyboard
DEVICES
- Mouse
- Touchscreen
- Scanner
- Microphone
- Camera/Webcam
- Game Controllers
- Barcode Reader
- Digital Pen/Stylus
5. Output Devices:
Once the computer has processed the input, it sends the results
to output devices, such as a monitor or printer, so you can see or hear
the results.

TYPES OF OUTPUT Types Of Combined Input/Output

- Monitor DEVICES - Touchscreen Devices
- Printer - Multifunction Printers (MFPs)
- Speakers/Headphones - - Headset (Microphone and Headphones)
Projector
- Plotter
- Braille Display
- Haptic Feedback Devices
 Central Processing Unit
This is the brain of the computer. It processes instructions and
(CPU)
performs calculations. It controls everything happening inside the
computer, from running software to handling data.

Components of CPU
Arithmetic Logic Unit
(ALU)
The part of a CPU that carries out arithmetic and logic operations
on the operands in computer instruction words.
Arithmetic Unit (AU)
Is a hardware subsystem that performs arithmetic operations on binary
inputs.
Logic Unit (LU)
It controls all hardware operations on any computer like input/output, storage, & processor
itself.
Components of CPU
Control Unit
It is the responsibility of the control unit to tell the
computer’s memory, arithmetic/logic unit, and input and
output devices how to respond to the instructions that have
been sent to the processor.
Register

CPU registers are high-speed memory units essential for

efficient program execution, enabling quick access to
frequently used values involved in processing.
 CPU Architecture

CPU architecture refers to the design and organization of a

processor, including its core components and how they interact to
execute instructions efficiently.

Single-Core vs. Multi-Core Processors:

Single-Core: Can handle one task at a time, leading to potential slowdowns
in multitasking.

Multi-Core:Contains multiple processing units, improving performance by

executing multiple tasks simultaneously.

Impact on
Performance:
- More cores allow faster processing and better multitasking.
- Efficient architecture improves energy consumption and overall
speed.
MEMORY
Computer memory is where data and instructions are stored for
a computer to use. It works like a workspace that holds
information temporarily or permanently

Types of Memory: RAM, ROM, Cache

RAM ROM CACHE

Random Access Memory (RAM) is Read-Only Memory (ROM) stores Cache memory is a high-speed
the primary working memory, permanent instructions that the temporary storage area used to
holding active data and computer needs to boot up. quickly access frequently used
instructions for the CPU. data.
 RAM ROM
RAM's content changes as the computer Permanent Storage
ROM's contents remain even when the
executes programs and processes data
computer is powered off.
Volatile Storage Boot Up
Instructions
RAM loses its data when the computer is ROM stores the essential instructions
turned off or loses power. needed for the computer to start up.
Impact on Limited Read Access
Performance
More RAM generally means faster ROM stores the essential instructions
performance, as the computer can access needed for the computer to start up.
data quicker.
Cache: High-Speed Temporary Storage

Faster Access Temporary Storage

Cache holds frequently used data closer Cache is a temporary holding area, with
to the CPU, speeding up data retrieval. data being written back to main memory
when needed.
 Random Access Memory
(RAM)
Computer memory classified as
volatile requires continuous power to
save information. It is called "volatile"
because the data is lost when the power
source is cut off. In contrast, non-volatile
memory retains data even without
electricity. Programs currently operating
on a computer are called active
processes; they must be stored in a
readily accessible area.
Storage Devices
HDD (Hard Disk Drive) SSD (Solid State Drive)

Uses spinning disks to Stores data on flash memory

store and access data with a with no moving parts.
mechanical arm.

Importance of Storage Speed and Capacity

Storage speed determines how quickly data is
accessed or transferred, affecting system performance
and load times. Capacity determines how much data
you can store, such as files, applications, and media.
Faster speeds improve efficiency, while larger capacity
ensures you can store more information. Both are
 KEYBOARD
A keyboard is an input device used to type text, numbers,
and other commands into a computer or other digital devices. It
typically consists of keys arranged in a specific layout.

Examples
- Standard QWERTY keyboard (common for typing
- Wireless keyboard (used with laptops or tablets)
- Gaming keyboard (designed with extra keys and features for
gamers)

MOUS
E
A mouse is a pointing device that controls the movement of
a cursor on a screen. It typically has two buttons (left and
right) and a scroll wheel for navigation.

Examples
- Wired mouse (connected via USB)
- Wireless mouse (communicates via Bluetooth or a USB
receiver)
 SCANNER
A scanner is an input device that captures images or documents, converting
them into digital format for storage or editing on a computer.

Examples
- Flatbed scanner (used for scanning photos, documents, or books)
- Handheld scanner (portable and used for scanning barcodes or smaller
items)
- All-in-one printer with scanning capability (a device that combines printing,
scanning, and copying)

Role in user interaction

- The specific actions a user can take when interacting with a digital system,
such as a website or app, are determined by their permissions and the context
of their interaction. These actions define how the user can navigate and
interact with the platform.

Generally, a user's role within the system dictates what they are allowed to do,
shaping their experience and level of access.
OUTPUT
Output devices are hardware components that convert
DEVICES
data from a computer into a form that humans can
understand.
Example of Output Device:

Monitor Printer Speaker

A computer monitor is a A printer is a device that Speakers are a common
device that displays produces a physical copy of output device for
information and it's an digital information and it computers, allowing users
output device that allows can print documents, to hear the audio output.
users to see images, text, images, or graphics onto
videos, and graphics. paper or other materials.
 OUTPUT
DEVICES
Importance of delivering results to users
Output devices allow users to interact
with a computer. Output devices allow
computers to communicate with users
and other devices. Output devices help
users understand the results of their
work.
MOTHERBOARD
A motherboard is the main circuit
board in a computer that connects all of
its internal components. It's also known
as the mainboard, base board, or
system board.
A motherboard connects all of a
computer's internal components, such
as the CPU, GPU, RAM, and ROM and
motherboard allows components to
communicate with each other and
connects to external peripherals.
Components of
Motherboard:
CPU Socket
Is where the central processing unit (CPU) is
installed.

RAM Slots
Used to hold Random Access Memory (RAM) modules.

Expansion Slot

Is for the addition of extra components like graphics

cards, sound cards, or network cards by inserting
expansion cards into them.
 The Von Neumann architecture consists of a
single, shared memory for programs and data,
a single bus for memory access, an arithmetic
unit, and a program control unit. The Von
Neumann processor operates fetching and
execution cycles seriously.

Harvard architecture is another type of

architecture in technology. It is composed of
two separate memory spaces (instructions and
data memory), four buses (two address buses
and two data buses), a CPU, and an input and
output unit. This architecture allows the
fetching of data and instructions at the same
BUSES IN COMPUTER
In computer architecture, a "bus" is a communication
ORGANIZATION
system that transfers data between components inside a
computer or between computers. It acts as a shared pathway,
allowing different parts of the system to communicate and
exchange information.
Types of Buses:
Address Bus Data Bus Safe
A unidirectional bus A bidirectional bus that Computing
A bidirectional bus that
that carries memory carries actual data carries control signals
addresses from the CPU to between the CPU, between the CPU and
the memory controller. memory, and I/O devices. other components. It
The width of the address The width of the data bus manages the timing and
bus determines the determines how much coordination of data
amount of memory the data can be transferred at transfer operations.
CPU can directly access. once.
 THE ROLE OF OPERATING
SYSTEM
Five(5) Main Functions of an Operating System:
Process Management

Is the process of managing programs in computer which ensures that the system runs
smoothly and efficiently. It involves creating, scheduling, and terminating processes.

Memory Management

Is the process of controlling and allocating the computer's primary memory (RAM),
keeping track of which parts of memory are currently being used by which processes, and
ensuring efficient allocation and deallocation of memory space as needed by running
programs.
Files System
Management
Is responsible for organizing, storing, and accessing data on a computer's storage
devices, allowing users to create, manage, and retrieve files efficiently.
 THE ROLE OF OPERATING
SYSTEM
Five(5) Main Functions of an Operating System:
Device Management

Is responsible for identifying, configuring, and controlling all connected hardware

devices, including managing device drivers, regulating data transfer, and handling
interruptions.
Security and Privacy

Is to protect the system and user data from unauthorized access, modification, or
disclosure by implementing mechanisms like user authentication, access controls, data
encryption, and privacy settings.
Interactions with Hardware and User
Application
Interactions between hardware and user applications happen through the
operating system (OS), which acts as a mediator, translating user commands
from the application into instructions that the hardware can understand and
execute; essentially, when a user interacts with an application, the
application sends requests to the OS, which then communicates with the
appropriate hardware components to perform the desired action.
 Summary and Discussion
Key Takeaways:
Understanding Computer Organization:

Computers are made up of different components that work together to process

information. Learning how they function helps us understand how tasks are performed
efficiently.
Main Parts of a Computer:
CPU (Central Processing Unit): Often called the "brain" of the computer, it handles
calculations and runs programs.
Memory (RAM, ROM, Cache): Stores data temporarily (RAM) or permanently (ROM, Cache) to
help the system work smoothly.
Storage (HDD, SSD): Where files, software, and the operating system are stored. SSDs are
much faster than traditional HDDs.
Input and Output Devices: These let us interact with the computer—keyboards and mice
(input) send information, while monitors and printers (output) display results.
 Summary and Discussion

How the CPU Affects Performance:

Single-Core Processors:
Can only handle one task at a time, which can slow things down.
Multi-Core Processors:
Can work on multiple tasks at once, making computers run faster and more
efficiently.
Processing Speed:
More cores and better architecture mean smoother multitasking and better
performance.
 Summary and Discussion
Memory & Storage: Why It Matters
Volatile vs. Non-Volatile Memory:

RAM is volatile, meaning it loses data when the computer is turned off.
ROM, SSDs, and HDDs are non-volatile, meaning they keep data even when powered
down.
Storage Speed and Capacity:
· Faster storage means quicker access to files and programs.
· Larger capacity means you can store more data, from documents to software and
media files.
 Summary and Discussion
The Motherboard & How Components Connect
The motherboard is the central hub that connects all computer parts,
allowing them to communicate.

Different types of buses help transfer

data:
Address Bus:
Tells the computer where to find data.
Data Bus:
Moves the actual data between components.
Control Bus:
Helps coordinate actions and manage data flow.
 Summary and Discussion
Computer Architecture Models

Von Neumann Harvard

•
Architecture: Architecture:
Uses a single memory for both • Has separate memory for instructions
instructions and data. and data.
• Executes tasks one step at a time, • Allows faster processing because it can
which can slow things down. fetch instructions and data at the same time.
• Most modern computers use this • Often used in embedded systems like
design. microcontrollers.
 Summary and Discussion
The Role of the Operating System (OS)

Process Management:
Ensures all programs run efficiently.
Memory Management:
Allocates space so multiple tasks can run without slowing down.
File System Management:
Organizes how files are stored and retrieved.
Device Management:
Makes sure hardware like printers and USB drives work properly.
Security & Privacy:
Protects data through passwords, encryption, and user permissions.
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