The document provides an overview of salivary glands, including their classification, structure, and functions. It details the anatomy of major salivary glands such as the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, as well as the minor salivary glands. Additionally, it discusses the consequences of reduced salivary secretion and its causes, emphasizing the importance of saliva in oral health.
The document provides an overview of salivary glands, including their classification, structure, and functions. It details the anatomy of major salivary glands such as the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, as well as the minor salivary glands. Additionally, it discusses the consequences of reduced salivary secretion and its causes, emphasizing the importance of saliva in oral health.
The document provides an overview of salivary glands, including their classification, structure, and functions. It details the anatomy of major salivary glands such as the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, as well as the minor salivary glands. Additionally, it discusses the consequences of reduced salivary secretion and its causes, emphasizing the importance of saliva in oral health.
The document provides an overview of salivary glands, including their classification, structure, and functions. It details the anatomy of major salivary glands such as the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, as well as the minor salivary glands. Additionally, it discusses the consequences of reduced salivary secretion and its causes, emphasizing the importance of saliva in oral health.
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SALIVARYGLANDS
Department Of Dental Anatomy And Dental Histology,
MRDC GUIDED BY-Dr. Manish Bhargav
DIVITA YADAV 2022-BDS-13 SALIVARY GLANDS
The oral cavity is kept moist by a film of
fluid called saliva that coats the teeth and the mucosa. Saliva is a complex fluid, produced by the salivary glands. Individuals with a deficiency of salivary secretion experience difficulty eating, speaking, and swallowing and become prone to mucosal infections and rampant caries CLASSIFICATION OF SALIVARY GLANDS
The salivary slands have been classified in a variety of ways, the most commonly used groupings are based on
1. Size and location, namely major and minor gland, and based on location as labial and lingual, etc.
2. Histochemical nature of secretory product, namely serous and mucous.
STRUCTURE OF TERMINAL SECRETORY UNITS(acini) • Made up epithelial secretor cells- serous & mucous cells • Serous, mucous + myoepithelial cells are arranged acinus or acini multiple spherical or tubular with a central lumen • Cells in acini rests on basement membrane • Myopithelial cells located on surface of acini • Central lumen continues as fine tubes which merge with each other and grow into a large excretory duct • Sometimes mucous acini have a crescent shape covering serous cells as demilunes SEROUS CELL SEROUS CELL • Secretory end pieces that are composed of serous cells are typically spherical and consist of 8 to 12 cells surrounding a central lumen. • The cells are pyramidal, with a broad base adjacent to the connective tissue stroma and a narrow apex forming part of the lumen of the end piece. • The lumen usually has fingerlike extensions located between adjacent cells called intercellular canaliculi that increase the size of the luminal surface of the cells. • The spherical nuclei are located basally • Numerous secretory granules, in which the macromolecular components of saliva are stored, are present in the apical cytoplasm. • Serous cells produce High proteins and glycoproteins and Low carbohydrate. • The cytoplasm is strongly basophilic and contains: • Rough endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, and mitochondria. • Large Golgi complex • Secretory granules of variable size and density. • Serous cells, as well as mucous cells, also are joined to one another by a variety of intercellular junctions as a tight junction. MUCOUS CELL MUCOUS CELL Mucous cells typically have a tubular contiguration • Mucous cells larger than the serous cells and border apex so it can be described as high cuboidal and surrounding a wide lumen with absence of intercellular canaliculi • Its nucleus is oval or flattened and situated at its base surrounded with rim of cytoplasm • Stains lightly so appears empty. Mucous end pieces in the major salivary glands and some minor salivary glands have serous cells associated with them in the form of a demilune or crescent covering the mucous cells at the end of the tubule. -Their secretions reach the lumen of the end piece through intercellular canaliculi extending between the mucous cells at the end of the tubule. - The secretory product of mucous cells are: • Low-protein and high carbohydrate • Mucin: glycoprotein Viscous help in the Lubrication MYOEPITHELIAL CELL MYOEPITHELIAL CELL • Flattened stellate cells • Surrounding the acinic cell and intercalated duct • They have Long process • Present in relation to acinic cell & intercalated ducts of salivary glands. • On alveoli, these are branched. • These are contractile, Contractions help to squeeze out secretion from alveoli DUCT SYSTEM MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS PAROTID GLAND ANATOMY OF PAROTID GLAND Parotid gland: Size: the largest major salivary gland Location: retromandibular fossa, infra- auricular Main duct: Stensen's duct Opening: at the buccal mucosa opposing to maxillary 2nd molar. Acini (type of cells): serous acini Saliva Volume: 25-30% of total saliva SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND ANATOMY OF SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND
Size: intermediate Location: submandibular triangle, below mylohyoid muscle. Main duct: Warton's duct Opening: Caruncula sublingualis, in the mouth floor Acini: mixed acini, serous predominate Saliva Volume: 60% of total saliva. SUBLINGUAL GLAND ANATOMY OF SUBLINGUAL GLAND Size: smallest (a main gland and several small glands) Location: in the mouth floor, above mylohyoid muscle. Main duct: Bartholin's duct Opening: sublingual fold Acini: mixed acini, and the mucous cells is the predominate Saliva Volume: 5% of total saliva. MINOR SALIVARY GLAND MINOR SALIVARY GLAND
The minor salivary glands are placed below the epithelium in almost all parts of the oral cavity. These glands comprise numerous small groups of secretory units opening via short ducts directly into the mouth. They lack a distinct capsule, instead mixing with the connective tissue of the submucosa or muscle fibers of the tongue or cheeks = Labial and buccal glands These glands are present on the lips and cheeks and comprise of mucous tubules with serous demilunes = Glossopalatine glands These are located to the region of the isthmus in the glossopalatine fold but may extend from the posterior extension of the sublingual gland to the glands of the soft palate = Palatine glands These are located in the glandular aggregates present in the lamina propria of the posterolateral aspect of the hard palate and in the submucosa of the soft palate and uvula =Lingual glands The glands of the tongue can be divided into various groups [1, 2]. The anterior lingual glands (glands of Blandin and Nuhn) are present near the apex of the tongue. The ducts open on the ventral surface of the tongue near the lingual frenulum. The posterior lingual mucous glands are present lateral and posterior to vallate papillae and in association with lingual tonsil. The ducts of these glands open on the dorsal surface of the tongue. The posterior lingual serous glands (von Ebner’s glands) are located between the muscle fibers of the tongue below the vallate papillae, and the ducts open into the trough of circumvallate papillae and at the rudimentary folate papillae on the SALI VA COMPOSITION OF SALIVA FUNCTIONS OF SALIVA Cleaning of mouth: Since saliva is watery it produces a flushing action on the teeth which helps in removing the food debris as well as non-adherent forms of bacteria which collects over the teeth. Lubrication and deglutition: Saliva provides lubrication to oral tissues by mucus and various other glycoproteins which help provide lubrication at time of speech. It also helps in formation of bolus which can easily slide into the esophagus. Antimicrobial function: Saliva consists of various components which produce antimicrobial activity. The components are lysozyme, lactoferrin, histatins and salivary peroxidases. Saliva also consists of immunoglobulin such as IgA which provides antimicrobial action by agglutinating certain microorganisms and preventing their adherence to the oral mucosa. Buffering function: Saliva consists of bicarbonate ions which neutralize the acids which are produced by bacteria, these acids can cause dissolution of teeth and cause dental caries. So due to its buffering action saliva dissolve the acid and prevent caries. Digestive function: Saliva consists of digestive enzymes such as amylase and lipase. These enzymes causes start digestion of food from oral cavity, e.g. enzyme amylase and lipase break starch into maltase and lipids into diglycerides and free fatty acids. Mineralization: Tooth surface is alwavs coated with saliva. Since saliva consists of calcium and phosphate ions, they increase the surface hardness of teeth which provide resistance of teeth to demineralization. Taste: Saliva dissolves the food substances so that they can be perceived by the receptors located in the taste buds. Tissue repair: Saliva consists of epidermal growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor which leads to repair and regeneration of oral tissues. Excretion: Many substances from blood reaches saliva and saliva is considered as the route of excretion. CONSEQUENCES OF PERMANENTLY REDUCED SALIVARY SECRETION
• Dryness of the lips, oral mucosa and pharynx
• Soreness, itching and burning sensation • Altered/impaired taste perception • Difficulties in chewing, swallowing and speech • Gastrointestinal reflux, heartburn • Halitosis • Increased frequency of mucosal ulcerations • Difficulty in wearing removable dentures • Increased caries activity CAUSES OF ORAL DRYNESS
• Intake of medications - antihypertensives, antidepressants, antipsycotics and
antihistamines • Systemic diseases Sjogren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, dysregulated diabetes mellitus, HIV -infection and conditions causing dehydration • Radiation therapy of tumours in head- and neck region • Psychogenic disorders Such as depression, anxiety and stress • Neurological conditions and factors affecting the autonomic outflow : cerebral- vascular diseases, brain tumours and neurosurgical traumas affecting the peripheral nerves and the central nervous system (e.g. the trigeminal, facial or glossopharyngeal nerves and salivation centre, respectively) REFERENCES Orban's Oral Histology & Embryology Book by G. S. Kumar
