E-Journal Usage Study and Scholarly Communication Using Transaction Log Analysis:

A Case Study of E-Journal (Full-Text) Download Patterns of NAL Scientists and Engineers
*R Guruprasad, +Khaiser Nikam #M Gopinath Rao *Vidyadhar Mudkavi *National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore +Dept. of Studies, Library and Information Science, University of Mysore #College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore

Paper Presentation at the 7th International Convention on Automation of Libraries in Education and Research, Theme: E-Content Management: Challenges and Strategies, Pondicherry University: 25-27, February 2009.
Slide No:1

Gutenbergs Invention of the Printing Press

1455 AD
Slide No:2

The Invention of the Printing Press

 1455 AD belonged to Johannes Gutenberg, the German Goldsmith and Printer (Mainz,Germany) His invention of the first movable printing press considered as one of Western Civilizations greatest inventions American team researching World History over the last centuries declared him Man of the Millennium Jon Man on his book on Gutenberg aptly coined the titled How one man remade the world with words According to Mark Twain, Gutenbergs invention incomparably the greatest event in the history of the World What took months by hand in 1450 to copy a book shot up to 500 copies to be produced in a Week

Johannes Gutenberg (1395 1468 )

A Single Obscure Artisan: Instrumental in the changing the course of History


Slide No:3

The Invention of the Printing Press

 The invention effectively broke the monopoly, the aristrocracy, the monarchy maintained by the Churches in publishing information This invention had an immediate radical change, it brought in the Renaissance (or the Reformation) which directly led to the Modern Age Most importantly, it made dissemination of information easy, affordable and accessible to the common man. By 1500 A.D. million of books were being printed ranging from literature, poetry, to scientific manuscripts, and most importantly in Vernacular.

A Typical Renaissance Clothing

Slide No:4

The Invention of the Printing Press

 His Major Work: The Gutenberg Bible: (also known as 42 line bible), acclaimed for its high aesthetic and technical quality. In his period 200 copies of the Bible were printed.

Specific Contributions to Printing:  Invention of a process for a mass producing moving type  The use of oil based ink in the printing process  Use of a Wooden Printing Press

Slide No:5

The Invention of the Printing Press

If Gutenberg were alive today..probably, he would have said this about himself

Slide No:6

A Brief History of Scholarly Electronic Communication And The Evolution of The Scholarly Scientific Journals

Late 17th Century

Slide No:7

A Brief History of Scholarly Electronic Communication: Evolution of Scholarly Journals (Scientific)

 Until late 17th century, communication between scholars depended heavily on social contacts and by attending meetings arranged by learned societies (e.g. the Royal Society) Membership to these societies increased gradually Many could not attend these meetings, so the Proceedings (usually a record of the last meeting) became a place to publish papers These eventually evolved into scholarly journals First peer-reviewed journals: (a) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, (b) Le Journal Des Scavans (both published in 1665) Google always comes to your rescue

 

 

Slide No:8

A Brief History of Scholarly Electronic Communication: Evolution of Scholarly Journals (Scientific)

 19th century Explosion in the number of journals produced: caused by increased specialization and diversification of academic research

Means of producing mass publications was in place: (cheap wood pulp based paper)

Elsevier Scientific Publishing began publishing engineering journals way back as 1884

After WW.II, Robert Maxwell Pioneered move: the Pergamon Press (aimed towards mass commercial publication).

Slide No:9

A Brief History of Scholarly Electronic Communication: Evolution of Scholarly Journals (Scientific)

 By 1960, commercial publishers occupied a major part of the market By the end of the 17th Century, there were about 30 to 90 scientific and medical journals and this rose to 750 by the end of the 18th Century First prototype e-journal was in 1976, however the booming time for electronic journals was during the period 1990-1999 Currently, the number of scientific and abstract journals published worldwide is estimated over 100,000. This has grown steadily during the second half of the 20th Century.

Slide No:10

A Brief History of Scholarly Electronic Communication: Evolution of Scholarly Journals (Scientific)

 Kessler [1967], says that although scientific journals have flaws, they have been said to be the most successful and ubiquitous carriers of scientific information in the entire history of science. To substantiate this, hundreds of studies have demonstrated their use, usefulness and value. In a survey conducted from 1993 to 1998, scientists average 120 readings of scholarly articles per year. On an average, scientists spend over 100 hours per year reading scholarly articles

Slide No:11

The Coming of the Web.

"The Internet is not a thing, a place, a single technology, or a mode of governance. It is an agreement. John Gage, Director of Science, Sun Microsystems, Inc.
Slide No:12

The Coming of the Web.

Its (the Internet) the most fundamental shift since Gutenberg. The Internet is basically a Space and Time destroyer. It shrinks distance and time to zero. Its as if all the worlds scientists were in one room, available at one computer. Needless to say this is having a profound impact on the way science is done Astrophysicist, Larry Starr, (Hallmark, 1995).
Slide No:13

The Coming of the Web: Mushrooming of E-Journals

 If Gutenbergs invention of movable printing Press was a great leap towards information dissemination and communication, then the invention of the Web is equally a great leap towards electronic scholarly communication According to Prof. Steven Harnad, Univ. Quebec (Montreal) the arrival of electronic communication is the 4th revolution in the means of production of knowledge: after spoken language, written language and the Printing Press

Slide No:14

Role of Electronic Media in Supporting Scholarly Communication

Slide No:15

Role of Electronic Media in Supporting Scholarly Electronic Communication

 Scholarly electronic communication refers to distribution of scholarly articles, papers and messages by electronic means as opposed to their distribution by paper media Kling and McKim [2000] say that the shift towards use of electronic media in scholarly communication appears to be an inescapable path They add, the use of electronic media to support scientific communication is one of the major shifts of practice of science in this era Today, the Internet is the primary medium of this Scholarly Communication

Slide No:16

Coming of Age of E-Journals

 Coming of age of Electronic Journals has altered the way scholarly information is disseminated throughout the world E-journals have not only affected the way information is spread, but the way information is acquired and how scientific researcher seek that needed information Today, scientists have adopted electronic journals because of quick, convenient access from their desktops Very little effort is required to retrieve them

Slide No:17

Information Seeking Patterns of Scientists.

Slide No:18

Information Seeking Patterns of Scientists

 Surveys from 1993 to 1998 show that scientists identify articles they read by browsing through journal issues or bound volumes (62% of readings are identified this way) Automated searches accounts for 12% Having other persons tell them about the articles amounts to 11% Using citations found in other articles, books etc.. Adds up to 9% Current awareness services, printed indexes, and so on fills the remaining 6% The same study indicates during 1993 to 1998, scientists surveyed average about 120 readings of scholarly articles per year.

 

Slide No:19

Scientific Scholarly Journals: What the trends reflect?

 Since their birth in the 17th century, scientific scholarly journals have become the most sought out type of publication, and, for most fields of science the most inevitable and single most channel of scientific communication Over the last 40 years, numerous studies on scientific journals indicate that:  Journals are extensively read  The information they contain is extremely useful for research, teaching and lifelong learning;  Extremely valuable in terms of favourable outcomes from its use

Slide No:20

The NAL / CSIR / NISCAIR E-Conglomerate

Slide No:21

NAL / CSIR / NISCAIR

 National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL)  Constituent of CSIR  Indias premier civil R&D establishment in aeronautics and allied disciplines  Vision Statement-development of aerospace technologies with a strong science content and with a view of their practical application to the design and construction of flight vehicles  Staff strength: 1250 with about 400 full-fledged R&D professionals (over 100 Ph.D.s)  Through NISCAIR have been provided unique facility to access almost 3316 international e-journals from 11 key publishers CSIR, New Delhi  Constituted in 1942, premier R&D Organization in India  Today, one of the worlds largest publicly funded R&D Organizations having linkages to academia, R&D Organizations and Industry.

Slide No:22

NAL / CSIR / NISCAIR

 National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR)  Constituent units of CSIR in the area of Information Science  NISCAIR provides access to 4042 world class e-journals to all S&T personnel of the CSIR fraternity  Right at their Desktops through this Consortia  Has tied up with 11 popular international publishers Aim of this Consortia:  Strengthen the pooling, sharing and electronically accessing the CSIR library resources  Provide access to World S&T literature through the CSIR labs

Slide No:23

What are Transaction Log Analysis or Web Log Analysis (TLA/WLA Vs. DLA)

Slide No:24

What are Web-Log or Transaction Log Analysis?

 This methodology has immense potential for studying online journals use and their users information seeking behaviour Before advent of online journals, most of studies on journal usage were based on (a) Citation Analysis, (b) re-shelving data or (c) Questionnaire Limitations: (a) Citation Analysis: does not represent all of journal usage as authors do not cite all the articles they read, moreover not every journal reader is an author (b) Re-Shelving Data: Not accurate, not possible to distinguish between the use of individual articles or the whole journal (c) Questionnaire: based studies rely heavily on what people think they do or might do not what they actually do. This could end up in misinterpretations Widespread use of computer and network technologies had led to a New Methodology: WLA or the TLA  Computers record or log all user transactions in a plain text file called transaction log

Slide No:25

What are Web-Log or Transaction Log Analysis?

 Log files contain data about many of the details of the users interaction with the system  Hence some researchers have adopted log analysis to find out about the use of electronic journals in terms of both volume and patterns of use Intention of the WLA or TLA is multi-purpose:  One can determine overall web site traffic  Also location of users, portions of the site accessed  Number of document downloads Ihe TLA Technique:  Web servers automatically generate 4 different log files: (a) access logs (e.g. hits), (b) agent log (e.g. browser, operating system), (c) error log (download aborts), referrer logs (e.g. referring links)  These log files size can range from 1 KB to 100 MB (depending upon traffic on a particular site)

Slide No:26

What are Web-Log or Transaction Log Analysis?

 Ihe TLA Technique (contd..  Distinction between a hit and an access is critical to understanding the type of data contained in these files.  A hit is any file from a Web site that a user downloads  Download of a Web page with 6 images on accounts for 7 hits (6 images + 1 text)  An Access (or a page hit) is an entire page download regardless of the number of images, sounds, or movies on the page.  Download of a Web page with 6 images accounts for only 1 access.  Deep Log Analysis Method (DLA) came later on to overcome pitfalls of TLA  Nicholas (2003, 2005) conducted a series of studies on Emerald and Blackwell electronic journals to study in depth the information seeking behaviour of the users.

Slide No:27

What are Web-Log or Transaction Log Analysis?

 Salient Features of DLA:  Study of repeat users to the same site  Use of SPSS (statistical analysis package) to analyze raw log data  Enriching log data with demographic data, such as user data gathered from the subscription of publishers  Paying special attention to returnees users who come back to use the service  Usefulness of Log Studies  Particularly helpful in understanding the searching and browsing behaviour of e-journals users.  Findings of eJUST project on Journals Home Page and PubMed revealed three very common seeking patterns: Journal homepage TOC HTML full text PDF full text PubMed HTML full text PDF full text Journal homepage search HTML full text PDF full text
Slide No:28

What are Web-Log or Transaction Log Analysis?

 Findings of Log Studies:  Findings showed that most requests were for full text in HTML  Followed by requesting the full text in PDF  Final goal of most visits was to take away a PDF version of an article.

Data Source: www.niscair.res.in

Sample Web Log Data from the NISCAIR Web Server

Slide No:29

Findings From Full-Text Downloads of E-Journals of NAL Scientists and Engineers, Period: (2005 2007)

Slide No:30

Findings from Full-Text Download Statistics of NAL Scientists and Engineers Data Source: www.niscair.res.in
Figure 1: Highlights the number of Scientific Journals available for E-Access through the NAL-CSIR-NISCAIR E-Conglomerate.
Number of E-Journals available for E-Access through NAL-NISCAIR-CSIR Conglomerate
1500
1400

1600

Total Number of E-Journals: 4042

1200

Number of Journals

1000

Publisher Name
800
800

600
600

400

374

355

200

126 74 69 41 37 RSC 30 ASCE 20 ASME 16 AIP

Elsevier

Springer

T&F

Wiley

Blackwell

Emerald

CUP

OXP

ACS

Publisher Name

    Slide No:31

The maximum number of e-journals for the conglomerate is from Elsevier, followed by Springer and T & F. Wiley and Blackwell e-journals are also available in good number. Journals from ASME and AIP are the lowest. There are 13 publishers whose e-journals are available for e-access for the conglomerate.

Findings from Full-Text Download Statistics of NAL Scientists and Engineers Data Source: www.niscair.res.in
Figure -2: List of CSIR Labs Having Access to the following International Scientific Journal Publishers through the CSIR/NISCAIR E-Conglomerate
Number of CSIR Labs having access to E-Publishers through CSIR / NISCAIR Conglomerate
Publisher Names 45 40 35 35 30 33 32 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 40

N of C IRLabs o. S

25 20 15 10 5 0

22

22

14

14

13 11

AI P

W ile y

IE EE

AC M

O UP

R SC

C UP

AC S

AS CE

N at ur e

Sp rin ge r

Names of Publisher

     Slide No:32

There are 42 CSIR labs which have access to 8 e-publishers from this conglomerate 40 CSIR labs have e-access to T & F and 35 labs have e-access to Indian Standards 33 CSIR labs have e-access to ASTM Standards and 32 labs e-access to Blackwell 22 CSIR labs have e-access to Emerald and CUP Only 11 CSIR labs have e-access to ASME

AS TM St ds .

In di an

Bl ak cw el l

Em er al d

El se vie r

AS M E

St ds .

&

Findings from Full-Text Download Statistics of NAL Data Source: www.icast.org.in Scientists and Engineers
Figure -3: NAL Scientists access to additional E-Journals through NAL-ICAST Gateway
NAL Scientists Access to additional E-Journals through NAL-ICAST Gateway
2000 1839 1800 1600 1600

Names of Publishers

No. of E-Journals

1400 1200 1000 800 613 600 400 200 0 74 530

1312

865 700

125 4

69

38

30

20

33

16

SA G E

RS C

CU P

AS CE

W ile y

AC S

AI P

AI AA

er Em er al d Bl ac kw el l

El se vi er

AS M E

O UP

O A

Sp rin g

Publisher's Name

   
Slide No:33

NAL scientists have e-access to 1839 e-journals from Elsevier and 1600 e-journals from DOAJ and 1312 e-journals from Springer A moderate number of e-journals for e-access belong to Blackwell, Taylor and Francis and Wiley NAL scientists have open access to 700 e-journals through ICAST Gateway The minimum of e-journals for which e-access is available is for publishers AIAA and World Science.

IC AS T

W or ld

DO AJ

Sc .

&

Findings from Full-Text Download Statistics of NAL Scientists and Engineers Data Source: www.niscair.res.in
Table 1, 2, 3: Highlights the full-text usage statistics of E-Journals by NAL Scientists for the Years 2005, 2006, 2007.

Table-1: Year 2005

Sl. No Publ. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec TotalPubl. Wise 204 880 1037 184 19067 70 943 1631 24016

1 ACS 2 AIP 3 ASME 4 CUP 5 Elsevier 6 RSC 7 Springer 8 Wiley Total: 24016 (Month Wise All Publishers)

0 0 115 12 1384 3 19 28 1561

3 0 54 15 1026 2 172 67 1339

47 0 115 31 2221 8 183 147 2752

4 0 56 47 1056 0 128 158 1449

18 0 83 16 1903 12 63 123 2218

22 47 98 12 2000 9 70 129 2387

21 153 54 22 1026 8 69 144 1497

51 172 53 2 1914 9 31 348 2580

23 417 30 8 1503 7 60 117 2165

10 46 43 0 1120 7 61 133 1420

2 19 11 6 1814 0 51 84 1987

3 26 325 13 2100 5 36 153 2661

ACS=American Chemical Society, AIP=American Institute of Physics, ASME= American Society of Mechanical Engineers, CUP=Cambridge University Press, RSC=Royal Society of Chemistry

Slide No:34

Findings from Full-Text Download Statistics of NAL Scientists and Engineers

Figure 4: Year 2005: NAL Full-Text Download Statistics: All Publishers

Inferred by Authors
Year 2005: NAL Full-Text Download Usage Statistics: All Publishers

ACS
7% 4% 1% 0% 1% 4% 4%

AIP ASME CUP Elsevier RSC Springer

79%

Wiley

   
Slide No:35

79% of full-text downloads for the Year 2005 are from journals published by Elsevier Only 7% of full-text downloads for the same year are from journals published by Wiley 4% each of full-text downloads are from publishers Springer, AIP and ASME Only 1% each of full-text downloads are from publishers ACS and CUP

Findings from Full-Text Download Statistics of NAL Scientists and Engineers Data Source: www.niscair.res.in
Table 1, 2, 3: Highlights the full-text usage statistics of E-Journals by NAL Scientists for the Years 2005, 2006, 2007.

Table-2: Year 2006

Sl. No Publisher Jan 15 1 0 47 3202 0 1 137 6 216 1561 Feb 20 8 39 6 3482 0 1 100 194 91 1339 Mar 36 7 67 5 1888 0 3 90 28 124 2752 Apr 89 3 40 2 2249 0 10 98 19 120 1449 May 104 5 63 8 2837 5 7 98 34 210 2218 Jun 69 12 50 6 1856 6 4 81 25 201 2387 July 246 2 103 1 1698 12 3 63 13 119 1497 Aug 268 10 66 26 2192 6 5 175 34 161 2580 Sep 241 8 177 37 1512 38 6 314 44 172 2165 Oct 136 19 83 21 2198 53 15 93 24 131 1420 Nov 181 13 397 19 1939 29 16 313 114 237 1987 Dec 215 40 112 36 2738 0 21 283 56 174 2661 TotalPublr. Wise 1620 128 1197 214 27791 149 92 1845 591 1956 35583

1 AIP 2 ACS 3 ASME 4 CUP 5 Elsevier 6 OUP 7 RSC 8 Springer 8 T&F 9 Wiley Total: 35583 (Month Wise All Publishers)

ACS=American Chemical Society, AIP=American Institute of Physics, ASME= American Society of Mechanical Engineers, CUP=Cambridge University Press, RSC=Royal Society of Chemistry, T & F= Taylor and Francis, OUP=Oxford University Press

Slide No:36

Findings from Full-Text Download Statistics of NAL Scientists and Engineers

Figure 5: Year 2006: NAL Full-Text Download Statistics: All Publishers
Year 2006: NAL Full-Text Download Usage Statistics: All Publishers
0% 5% 5% 0% 0% 2% 5% 3% 1%

Inferred by Authors

AIP ASME Elsevier RSC T&F

ACS CUP OUP Springer Wiley

79%

    
Slide No:37

79% of full-text downloads for the Year 2006 are from journals published by Elsevier 5% each of full-text downloads are from publishers Springer, Wiley and AIP 3% of full-text downloads are from publisher ASME 2% of full-text downloads are from publisher Taylor and Francis The least percentage of full-text downloads are from the publisher CUP

Findings from Full-Text Download Statistics of NAL Scientists and Engineers

Table 1, 2, 3: Highlights the full-text usage statistics of E-Journals by NAL Scientists for the Years 2005, 2006, 2007. Data Source: www.niscair.res.in

Table-3: Year 2007

Sl.No Publisher Jan Feb March Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec TotalPublr. Wise -----52779 516 4615 4928 182 63020

1 AIP 2 ACS 3 ASME 4 CUP 5 T&F 6 Elsevier 7 RSC 8 Springer 9 Wiley 10 ASCE Total: 63020 (Month Wise All Publishers)

4006 44 349 322 8 4729

3453 24 323 322 6 4128

5759 34 268 452 16 6529

5105 56 426 406 20 6013

4396 62 346 786 18 5608

4302 42 409 444 52 5249

4333 48 465 456 20 5322

5653 24 442 418 6 6543

4103 44 410 322 16 4895

4645 94 465 362 20 5586

3689 26 317 406 0 4438

3335 18 395 232 0 3980

ACS=American Chemical Society, AIP=American Institute of Physics, ASME= American Society of Mechanical Engineers, CUP=Cambridge University Press, RSC=Royal Society of Chemistry, T & F= Taylor and Francis, ASCE=American Society of Civil Engineers. Download statistics of ACS, AIP, ASME, CUP have not been tabulated for 2007 because of non-availability of data
Slide No:38

Findings from Full-Text Download Statistics of NAL Scientists and Engineers

Figure 6: Year 2007: NAL Full-Text Download Statistics: All Publishers Year 2007: NAL Usage Full-Text Download Statistics: All Publishers
8% 7% 1% 0%

Inferred by Authors

Elsevier Springer ASCE

RSC Wiley

84%

    
Slide No:39

84% of full-text downloads for the Year 2007 are from journals published by Elsevier 8% of full-text downloads are from the publisher Wiley 7% of full-text downloads are from publisher Springer Minimum percentage of full-text downloads are from the publisher RSC Download statistics for the following publishers, namely, ACS, AIP, ASME and CUP for the Year 2007 is not available.

Findings from Full-Text Download Statistics of NAL Scientists and Engineers Inferred by Authors
Table 4: Highlights the consolidated monthly total downloads, Publisher Wise for the Years 2005, 2006, 2007. Consolidated statistics for ACS, AIP, ASME, CUP have not been tabulated for 2007 as data is not available.

Sl.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.    

Slide No:40

Name of the Publisher ACS AIP ASME CUP Elsevier RSC Springer Wiley ASCE OUP Taylor and Francis

2005 204 880 1037 184 19067 70 943 1631 -

2006 128 1620 1197 214 27791 92 1845 1956 149 591

2007 52779 516 4615 4928 182 -

Chi-Square test was applied to test whether there is independence between the years and the publishers The calculated value of Chi-Square was found to be 510.6, which is highly significant. Hence we conclude that for the full-text downloads data the years and the publishers are not independent This Chi-Square test was carried out for only those publishers (4 in number) for which the data was available for all the three years (2005-2007).

Findings from Full-Text Download Statistics of NAL Scientists and Engineers Inferred by Authors
Table 5: Highlights the total number of downloads (Month Wise, All Publishers) for the Years 2005, 2006, 2007.

Sl.No. Name of the Month 1. January 2. February 3. March 4. April 5. May 6. June 7. July 8. August 9. September 10. October 11. November 12. December Grand Total:

2005 1561 1339 2752 1449 2218 2387 1497 1631 2165 1420 1987 2661 24016

2006 3625 3941 2248 2630 3371 2310 2260 1956 2549 2773 3258 3675 35583

2007 4729 4128 6529 6013 5608 5249 5322 4928 4895 5586 4438 3980 63020

From this table it is observed that the mean number (per-month) of full-text downloads for the above three years was found to be different through Kruskal Wallis test of One Way Analysis of Variance at 1% level of significance.

Slide No:41

Findings from Full-Text Download Statistics of NAL Scientists and Engineers Inferred by Authors
Figure 7: Line Graph: Full-Text Usage Statistics: Years, 2005, 2006, 2007
Full-Text Usage Statistics: Years 2005, 2006, 2007
7000
6529 6543 6013 5608 5586 5249 5322 4895 4438

2005

2006

2007

6000

N of Full Text D nloads o. ow

5000
4729 4128 3941 3625 3371

4000

3980 3675 3258 2943 2752 2248 2630 2218 2387 2310 2260 1497 2580 2549 2165 1420 1987 2773 2661

3000

2000
1561 1339 1449

1000

0
Jan 2005 2006 2007 1561 3625 4729 Feb 1339 3941 4128 March 2752 2248 6529 April 1449 2630 6013 May 2218 3371 5608 June 2387 2310 5249 July 1497 2260 5322 Aug 2580 2943 6543 Sept 2165 2549 4895 Oct 1420 2773 5586 Nov 1987 3258 4438 Dec 2661 3675 3980

Months

  
Slide No:42

In 2005, full-text usage varied between 1561 in the month of January to 2661 in the month of December with a peak of 2752 in the month of March, 2005. In 2006, the number of full-text usage varied little with 3625 in the month of January to 3675 in the month of December with a peak of 3941 in the month of February, 2006. In 2007, the full-text download increased with 4729 in the month of January to a maximum of 6529 in the month of March and 6543 in the month of August and declined to a value of 3980 in the month of December 2007.

Limitations of our Study

 Full-text download patterns analyzed in this paper are only for the last 3 years (2005-2007). Data prior to this is unavailable.

Reliability of the data is to the extent what NISCAIR server has put up in their web-site.

Access to NISCAIR full-text download statistics is IP based, hence no one else apart from CSIR scientists have access to this data. To that extent the data is unfiltered, pure, non-intrusive.

The Chi-Square test was carried out for only those publishers (4 in number) for which the data was available for all the three years (2005-2007).

Benefits..
 This paper would greatly facilitate my final Ph.D. thesis work as Web Log Techniques are one of the reliable methodologies or tools available to study the on-line journals usage patterns and the users Information Seeking Behaviour Patterns.


Slide No:43

Very little Indian Studies have been carried out and documented in this area.

Concluding Remarks
 The coming of age of the electronic journals has altered the way scholarly information is disseminated throughout the world [22], but also the way in which information is acquired and how scientific researchers seek that needed information.

Today, most Scientists have access to full-text e-journals for their access. And, in most cases, this facility is provided right at their desktops.

We discuss in this paper two popular methodologies that has emerged to study online journal usage and scholarly information seeking behaviour [5], namely: (a) WLA/TLA and (b) Deep Log Analysis.

In this paper, we present the analysis of data (2005-2007) of full-text e-journal downloads of NAL Scientists and Engineers. Data Analyzed from NISCAIR, CSIR Server.

Slide No:44

Concluding Remarks
 The major findings that we would like to highlight in this paper are:  The mean number (per-month) of full-text downloads for the above three years was found to be different through Kruskal Wallis test of One Way Analysis of Variance at 1% level of significance and

 Chi-Square test was applied on this data to test whether there is independence between the years and the publishers. The calculated value of Chi-Square was found to be 510.6, which is highly significant. Hence we conclude that for the full-text downloads data, the years and the publishers are not independent.

 Chi-Square test was carried out with only with 4 publishers for which the full-text data was available for all the three years (2005, 2006, 2007).

Slide No:45

References
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2. 3. 4. 5. Tenopir, C and King, D W (2000), Towards Electronic Journals: Realities for Scientists, Librarians, and Publishers, Psycoloquy: 11 (084) electronic journals (1) [Special Libraries Association 2000, xxii+488 pp. Garvey, William D (1979), Communication: The Essence of Science. Oxford Pergamon Press. Rob Kling, Ewa Callahan (2005), Electronic Journals, the Internet, and Scholarly Communication, Indiana University, Bloomington, ARIST, 37(1), pp.127-177. Okerson, A. 48,671-694. (2000). Are we there yet? Online e-resources ten years after. Library, Dends,

Hamid R. Jamali, David Nicholas and Paul Huntington (2005), The use and users of scholarly e-journals: a review of log analysis studies, CIBER, School of Library, Archive and Information Studies, University College, London, London, UK, ASLIB Proceedings: New Information Perspectives, 57(6). Nicholas, D., Huttington, P. and Watkinson, A. (2003), Digital journals, Big Deals and Online searching behaviour: a pilot study, ASLIB Proceedings, 55(1/2), pp. 84-109. Nicholas, D., Huntington, P. and Watkinson, A (2005). Scholarly journal usage: the results of deep log analysis, Journal of Documentation, 61(2), pp.246-80. Nicholas, D., Huttington, P., Watkinson, A. and Jamali, H. R. (2005), The use of digital scholarly journals and their information seeking behaviour: what deep log analysis and usage data can disclose, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 56(12). Morse, D. H. and Clintworth, W. A. (2000), Comparing patterns of print and electronic journal use in an academic health science library, Issues in Science and Technology Librariananship, Vol.28, available at:www.istl.org/00fall/refereed.html.

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10. Davis, P. and Solla, L. (2003), An IP-level analysis of usage statistics for electronic journals in chemistry: making inferences about user behaviour, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 54(11), pp. 1062-8. 11. Davis, P.M. (2002), Patterns in electronic journal usage: challenging the composition of geographic consortia, College and Research Libraries, 63(6), pp. 484-97. 12 Ke, H., Kwakkelaar, R., Tai, Y. and Chen, L. (2002), Exploring behaviour of e-journal users in science and technology: transaction log analysis of Elsevers ScienceDirect OnSite in Taiwan, Library and Information Science Research, 24(3), pp. 265-91.

Slide No:46

References
13. Tenopir, C. (2003), Use and users of electronic library resources: an overview and analysis of recent research studies, Report for the Council on Library and Information Resources, August 2003, available at:www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub120/pub120.pdf (accessed 20 March 2005). 14. Tenner, E. and Zheng Ye, Y. (1999), End-user acceptance of electronic journals: a case study from a major academic research library, Technical Services Quarterly, 17(2), pp. 1-14. 15. Worlock, K. (2002), Electronic journals: user realities the truth about content usage among the STM community, Learned Publishing, 15(3), pp. 223-6. 16. Davis, P.M. (2004), For electronic journals, total download can predict number of users, Portal: Libraries and the Academy, 4(3), pp. 379-92. 17. National Aerospace Laboratories, www.nal.res.in. 18. www.csir.res.in 19. www.niscair.res.in 20. Kling, R., & McKim, G. (1997). A typology for electronic journals: Characterizing scholarly journals by their distribution forms, (Working Paper No.WP-97-07), Indiana University, Bloomington, Center for Social Informatics. Retrieved, November 16,2001, from http://www.slis.indiana.eddcsi/wp97-07.html 21. Kessler, M. M. (1967), Some very general design considerations. In TP system report, Appendix H. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 22. Amy C Gleeson (2001), Information seeking behaviour of scientists and their adaptation to electronic journals, Masters paper for the M.S. in Library Science degree, School of Information and Library Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

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Acknowledgements
   







Dr A R Upadhya, Director, NAL for all the kind encouragement to approval for presenting this paper. Dr Ranjan Moodithaya, Head, KTMD for kind support and according necessary approvals. Dr M N Satyanarayana, Jt. Head, KTMD for kind support and according necessary approvals. Mr Prakash Chand, Scientist-in-charge NISCAIR / CSIR e-journal conglomerate and his colleagues for allowing access to e-journal full-text download data. Mr Prem Chand, Sc. D (Lib.Sc.) INFLIBNET and his editorial team for stringent review of our paper and final acceptance. Dr R Samyuktha, Organizing Secretary and her able team for all the excellent arrangements and audio-visual logistics support. Dr Khaiser Nikam, Chairperson, DOS, LIS and Ph.D. Guide for permitting me to write this paper and providing me an excellent opportunity to present the same amidst such a distinguished gathering.

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Acknowledgements




Prof. V G Talwar, Vice Chancellor, Mysore University for providing excellent research facilities for all Doctoral students. Prof. Shalini R Urs, Professor and Executive Director, ISIM Dr Mallinath Kumbar, Reader Dr M Chandrashekara, Reader Dr Y Venkatesha, Reader and Dr N S Harinarayana, Reader (DOS, LIS, Univ. Mysore) for their overwhelming support in all my literary interactions with them at the University of Mysore.

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About the Authors

Mr R Guruprasad, Ph.D. Research Scholar, DOS, LIS, University of Mysore and Scientist, Knowledge and Technology Management Division (KTMD), National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore 560 017. Email: gprasad@nal.res.in, gprasad@css.nal.res.in

Dr Khaiser Nikam, Ph.D. Research Guide, DOS, LIS, University of Mysore and Chairperson, DOS, LIS, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570 006 Email: khaiser.nikam@gmail.com

Dr M Gopinath Rao, Professor of Statistics, College of Agriculture, GKVK, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. Email: mgrao2000@rediffmail.com

Dr Vidyadhar Y Mudkavi, Head, Computational and Theoretical Fluid Dynamics Division (CTFD), National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore 560 017, Email: vm@ctfd.cmmacs.ernet.in
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