INTRODUCTION

ROMI FADILLAH RAHMAT, B.COMP.SC., M.SC

MOBILE PROGRAMMING
WHAT IS ANDROID?

• Mobile operating system based on Linux Kernel

• User Interface for touch screens
• Used on over 80% of all smartphones
• Power devices such as watches, TVs, and cars
• Over 2 Million Android Apps in Google Play Store
• Highly customizable for devices/by vendors
• Open source
ANDROID USER INTERACTION

• Touch gestures : Swiping, Tapping, Pinching

• Virtual keyboard for characters, numbers, and emoji
• Support for Bluetooth, USB Controllers, WiFi adapters, and
peripherals
ANDROID AND SENSORS

Sensors (such as proximity sensors, accelerometer sensors,

etc) can discover user interaction and respond
• Device contents rotate as needed
• Walking adjusts position on map
• Tilting steers a virtual car or controls a physical toy
• Moving too fast disables game interactions.
ANDROID HOME SCREEN

• Home screen in android itself is an application which can

contain applications.
• Launcher icons for apps
• Self-updating widgets for live content
• Can be multiple pages
• Folders to organize apps
• “OK Google”
ANDROID SOFTWARE DEVELOPER KIT
(SDK)

• Development tools (Debugger, monitors, editors)

• Libraries (maps, wearables)
• Virtual devices (emulators)
• Documentation (developers.android.com)
• Sample Code
ANDROID ENVIRONMENT

• Android apps had been developed using Eclipse integrated

development environment (IDE) with Android Development
Tools (ADT) plugin in the past.
• Google introduced Android Studio as the official IDE for
Android app development in 2014 and this IDE became the
standard.
• Now -> Android Studio Chipmunk - 2021.2.1
ANDROID STUDIO
• Official Android IDE
• Develop, run,
debug, test, and
package apps
• Monitors, and
performance tools
• Virtual devices
• Project views
• Visual Layout Editor
GOOGLE PLAY STORE

Publish apps through Google Play store:

• Official app store for Android
• Digital distribution service operated by Google
ANDROID HISTORY

• Android is an open-source mobile operating system.

• Architecture of the OS  variant of Linux hence providing
extensive security, modularity and productivity at the mobile
device level
• Android is developed and maintained by the organization
called “Open Headset Alliance” (OHA).
• OHA was established in 2007 with Google being its foremost
member.
ANDROID TIMELINE
ANDROID TIMELINE
• The Android SDK was first issued as an “early look” release in November 2007.
• In September 2008, T-Mobile announced the availability of T-Mobile G1, the first
smartphone based on the Android platform
• In October 2008, Google made the source code of the Android platform
available under Apache’s open source license
• When Android was released, one of its key architectural goals was to allow
applications to interact with one another and reuse components from one
another. Applies to services, data and the user interface (UI).
• As a result, the Android platform has a number of architectural features that
keep this openness a reality.
ANDROID TIMELINE
• In late 2008 Google released a handheld device called Android
Dev Phone 1 that was capable of running Android applications
without being tied to any cell phone provider network.
• In April 2009 release 1.5 SDK, along with a number of other
features, such as advanced media-recording capabilities,
widgets, and live folders.
• In September 2009 came release 1.6 of the Android OS and,
within a month, Android 2.0 followed, facilitating a flood of
Android devices
ANDROID HISTORY

• Originally, Android was created by a company called Android

Inc. Google acquired this company in 2005.
• After then, Google made it open-source and Android gained a
big momentum.
• Android has the market share of around 85% in 2016
• Considering this market share, it is obviously rewarding to
invest in Android app development
ANDROID MARKET SHARE
ANDROID VERSION
• Android has eight major releases each having several minor revisions. In order
to follow these versions easier, developers name them with cookie names.
• The popular versions of Android are Kitkat (Android 4.4), Lollipop (Android 5.1)
and Marshmallow (Android 6.0) , Nougat (Android 7.0), and Oreo (Android 8.0).
• Android becomes more capable as the version goes up. However, we have to
be careful about selecting the version during app development because not
every device uses the latest version. If we develop an app for the Lollipop, it
may not run on a device which has Froyo installed.
• Android is utilized not only in smartphones but also in tablets, netbooks, digital
television boxes, handheld game devices and even in single board computers.
HOW ANDROID APPS WORK?
• There are different ways the programs run on various
platforms. The lowest level software can be written in
machine code that runs directly on the microprocessor.
• Since it is difficult to develop complex applications in
machine code, operating systems are used. Operating
systems provide a communication and control layer between
the application software and the hardware
COMPILER AND LINKER
• If we want to develop a native application for running on a
specific hardware/operating system, we have to do this using
a compiler and linker. Compiler and linker takes the source
code and creates the executable file that actually runs on the
operating system
• The main advantage of native applications is their speed.
However, the disadvantage is the incompatibility across
different platforms. For example, we cannot run a native
Windows application on Ubuntu and vice versa.
• Virtual machine concept is developed to overcome this
limitation. Virtual machine is software that runs on the
operating system and provides an abstraction to the
developer. The application software runs on top of the virtual
machine
JAVA VIRTUAL MACHINE
• Therefore, as long as a computer has the virtual machine running, the
application software can run on that computer independent of the
hardware and the operating system. A good example is the Java Virtual
Machine (JVM). JVM runs on almost all operating systems and platforms.
Therefore, when we develop Java software, it will be run on the JVM
independent of the operating system/platform.
• The obvious advantage of developing apps that run on virtual machines
can then be stated as: “develop once and run on all platforms”. However,
applications running on virtual machines are slower than native
applications.
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE USED IN AND.
DEV
• The recommended and convenient way of developing Android apps is using
Java programming language. It is used in conjunction with Android Software
Development Kit (SDK) in Android Studio environment to develop apps.
• Another official way is using C++ with the Native Development Kit (NDK).
This option is used for developing apps with low level instructions such as
timing sensitive drivers. With C++ and NDK, we can directly run the app on
the Android kernel hence increasing efficiency in exchange of code length
and development cost.
• There also exist third-party tools like Xamarin, Crodova and React Native for
developing apps. These platforms provide convenience however a native-
like performance isn’t normally expected from the apps developed by third
party tools
HIGH LEVEL VIEW OF ANDROID
APPLICATION
ANDROID SOFTWARE STACK
1. System and user
apps
2. Android OS API in
Java framework
3. Expose native
APIs; run apps
4. Expose device
hardware
capabilities
5. Linux Kernel
1. SYSTEM AND USER APPS

• System apps are inbuilt application (exp: Call application, sms

application, google chrome application, etc)
• User apps which you install separately such as Whatsapp, Facebook, and
so on
• System apps provide key capabilities to app developers

Example :
Your app can use a system app to deliver a SMS message.
2. JAVA API FRAMEWORK

• The entire feature-set of the Android OS is available to you

through APIs written in the Java language.
• View class hierarchy to create UI screens
• Notification manager
• Activity manger for life cycles and navigation
• Content providers to access data from other apps
3. ANDROID VIRTUAL MACHINE
• Similar to Java applications, Android applications also run on
a JVM.
• There are two special virtual machines used in Android:
Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) and Android RunTime (ART).
• These are specialized JVMs which can run on low system
resources.
• The .apk files (executables of Android apps) actually run on
these virtual machines.
• DVM has been the default runtime environment (~ virtual
machine) until the Lollipop release (Android 5.0).
3. ANDROID VIRTUAL MACHINE
• ART is introduced by Android 4.0 and has been the default
VM as of Android 5.0.
• DVM and ART basically do the same job: running Android
apps independent of the platform.
• The main advantage of ART over DVM is the utilization of a
concept called Ahead of Time (AOT) compilation instead of
Just in Time (JIT) approach.
• In AOT, apps are compiled during installation hence they load
faster with lower CPU usage. On the other hand, JIT
compilation provides lower storage space consumption with
ANDROID SOFTWARE STACK
• At the core of the Android Platform is Linux kernel responsible for device drivers,
resource access, power management, and other OS duties. The supplied device
drivers include Display, Camera, Keypad, WiFi, Flash Memory, Audio, and IPC
(interprocess communication).
• Sitting at the next level, on top of the kernel, are a number of C/C++ libraries
such as OpenGL, WebKit, FreeType, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), the C runtime
library (libc), SQLite, and Media
• The system C library based on Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) is tuned (to
roughly half its original size) for embedded Linux-based devices.
• The media libraries are based on PacketVideo’s OpenCORE. These libraries are
responsible for recording and playback of audio and video formats.
• A library called Surface Manager controls access to the display system and
supports 2D and 3D
ANDROID SOFTWARE STACK
• The WebKit library is responsible for browser support; it is the
same library that supports Google Chrome and Apple’s Safari.
• The FreeType library is responsible for font support
• SQLite is a relational database that is available on the device itself.
• Most of the application framework accesses these core libraries
through the Dalvik VM, the gateway to the Android Platform
• Dalvik is optimized to run multiple instances of VMs.
• As Java applications access these core libraries, each application
gets its own VM instance
ANDROID SOFTWARE STACK
• The Android Java API’s main libraries include telephony,
resources, locations, UI, content providers (data), and
package managers (installation, security, and so on).
• Programmers develop end-user applications on top of this
Java API. Some examples of end-user applications on the
device include Home, Contacts, Phone, Browser, and so on.
• Android also supports a custom Google 2D graphics library
called Skia, which is written in C and C++.
ANDROID SOFTWARE STACK
• The 3D APIs in Android, are based on an implementation of
OpenGL ES from the Khronos group
• From a media perspective, the Android Platform supports the
most common formats for audio, video, and images. From a
wireless perspective, Android has APIs to support Bluetooth,
EDGE, 3G, WiFi, and Global System for Mobile Communication
(GSM) telephony, depending on the hardware
WHAT IS AN ANDROID APP?

• One or more interactive screens

• Written in Java Programming Language and XML
• Uses the Android Software Development Kit (SDK)
• Uses Android Libraries and Android Application Framework
• Executed by Android Runtime Virtual Machine (ART)
CHALLENGES OF ANDROID DEVELOPMENT

• Multiple screen sizes and resolutions

• Performance : make your apps responsive and smooth
• Security : Keep source code and user data safe
• Compatibility : run well on older platform versions
• Marketing : understand the market and your users (Hint : It
doesn’t have to be expensive, but it can be)
ANDROID BUILDING BLOCKS

• Resources : layouts, images, strings, colors as XML and

media files
• Components : activities, services, and helper classes as Java
code
• Manifest : information about app for the runtime
• Build configuration : APK versions in Gradle config files
COMPONENT TYPES

• Activity = is a single screen with a user interface

• Service = performs long-running tasks in background
• Content provider = manages shared a set of data
• Broadcast receiver = responds to system-wide
announcement
THINK OF ANDROID AS A HOTEL

• Your app is the guest

• The Android System is the hotel manager
• Services are available when you request them (intents)
• In the foreground (activities) such as registration
• In the background (services) such as laundry
• Calls you when a package has arrived (broadcast receiver)
• Access the city’s tour companies (content provider)
HOMEWORK

• 1. Download Android Studio

• 2. Build Your First Android App in Java
BIG PROJECTS

• Choose one of these titles:

• University Alumni Apps
• University Scheduling and Meeting Apps
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

• User Requirement and Features in the App (10%) (Week 2 and 3)

• UI Mock Up Designs (10%) (Week 4)
• Database and User Interface Design (25%) (Week 6 )
• First Presentation – Prototyping – User Review (20%) (Week 9)
• Final Presentation and Running Apps (35%) (Week 13 and 14)
Note : All members of the project teams are required to involved in
each of their presentations
ANDROID APP PROJECT

• Template of the project proposal:

• App Name Names of students in the team
• Summary of the project (about half page)
• Explain the major functions of the proposed app and the related theory.
• Software architecture and User Interface Design (Some draft screen layouts to get
you thinking about layout. The layouts can be handwritten for this milestone.)

• One group : 5 persons, consist of male and female.

• You can use any related programming language in Android programming
such as : Java, Kotlin, C++, C#, Lua, Python, JavaScript, etc.