2 CONTENT
AIM AND OBJECTIVE
INTRODUCTION
Drying of orange peel
Extraction of Vitamin C from orange peel
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Cream , evaluation of cream
LITERATURE SURVEY
CONCLUSION
FUTURE SCOPE
REFERENCE
3 Aim and Objectives:
AIM:- To develop formulation with natural preservative.
OBJECTIVES:
To perform analytical tests (instrumental and non instrumental) of
extract of orange peel. To determine the presence of
phytoconstituents in extract.To develop feasible method of
analysis.To isolate active phytoconstituent using different analytical
test.To perform physical evaluation i.e.moisture content and ash
value.To use Vitamin C as a preservative in cream.To study
formulation and evalution parameters of cream.
4 INTRODUCTION
Vitamin c is also known as ascorbic acid .
Vitamin C involves a role in antioxidant protection, thyroxin
synthesis, amino acid metabolism, strengthening resistance to
infection.
Orange peel was selected for the extraction of vitamin C because it
contain more amount of vitamin C as compare to other citrus fruit .
Phytochemical analysis:
• Phytochemical screening is to isolate various constituents of the
plants for assessing their biological activity or medicinal uses.
• The orange fruit is highly nutritious and rich in minerals, proteins,
carbohydrates, and fat
• Various quantitative studies were carried out on hexane and methanol
of lemon and orange crude peel extracts (50%, W/V) to determine
proteins, carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids and alkaloids.
6 Phytochemical Test:
1ml sol of orange
Identification test for add drop of sodium
peel + add 5 ml
vitamin c:- nitroprusside
water
add 2ml of dilute
yellow color turns
sodium hydroxide
into blue
+0.6ml of Hcl
7 Test For Proteins:
Ninhydrin test: Two three drops of ninhydrin reagent+ added in orange peel
extract + solution was boiled for 2min then kept for cooling. appearance of violet
colour .
Fig 1:- Ninhydrin Test
8 Test for steroids:
Salkowski reaction :- 2 ml of extract taken + To it 2ml chloroform and 2ml
sulphuric acid. Shaken it well. Red colour of chloroform appeared and greenish
yellow fluorescence.
Fig 2 :- Salkowski reaction
9 Alkaloid testing:
1% HCL was 5-6 drops of pale-yellow
mixed with Mayers colored
2ml of filtrate Chemical precipitation
Testing by dragendroff’s reagent: To 2-3ml of filtrate + few drops of dragendroff’s
reagent. Orange brown precipitates confirms the presence of alkaloids
Amino acids testing:
Ninhydrin Test:-
Add 2-3 drops of ninhydrin in orange peel extract. Violet color appears .
10
Test for Saponins :
Boil the extract and sieved the mixture. In a test tube + dil water of 20 ml then mix 2.5
ml of the filtrate. Stirred the mixture for fewminutes . allowed to stand for some time.
The formation of honeycomb along with frothing showsthe existence of saponins .
Tannins Testing:
Take 6ml of deionized water in a small beaker + 3g of extract is filtered. Add 10% ferric
chloride solution dropwise. Appearance of bluish color .
11 Glycoside Testing:
Take test tubes having 5ml of extract then + 3ml of Anhydrous acetic acid
+ 1ml of Iron (III) chloride solution. The mixture was treated with strenuous
H2SO4 formation of brown circle at the interfacing region.
Testing for Anthraquinones:
Borntrager test:
To 3ml extract + dil H2SO4.Boil the mix filtrate. To cold filtrate + equal vol
of benzene.Shake well &sepe.Org.Solvent + ammonia turns pink colour.
12
Flavonoids Testing:
In extract 2-3 drops of ferric chloride is added. Blackish red color was
producedwhich shows the existence of flavonoids.
Test For reducing sugar:
Add Fehling solution in to the extract. Boil the mixture for3-4 min.
Existence of reducing’s sugars was detected by brick red color
appearance.
13 Literature survey:
SR TITLE AUTHORS YEAR
NO
1 Phytochemical screening of orange peel Mamta Arora Parminder Kaur 2016
and pulp
2 The use of orange (Citrus sinensis) peel K. Ould Yerou ,D. Bouhadi, A. 2017
as antimicrobial and anti-oxidant Hariri ,B. Meddah,
agents
3 Orange Peel: A Potential Source of Sulekha Gotmare , J aya Gade 2018
Phytochemical Compounds
4 Phytochemical composition and in vitro Deeksha Parmar, Deeksha 2020
antioxidant activities of the genus citrus sharma , Mohit Pants, Siddhartha
peel extracts: Dan
a systematic review
14 Conclusion:
Sr Paticulars Result
No.
1 Identification of vaitamin c Blue colour
2 Test for proteins Violet colour
3 Test for steroids Red colour
15 Future scope:
Phytochemical evaluation of orange peel is need to develop noval
formulation to incarporate phytoconstituent (e.g. vit.c) having
antioxidant properties.
This work useful to develop formulation with better shelf life as
antioxidants prevents oxidant and color change of formulation to
prevent deterioration.
The quantify main phytoconstituents this physicochemical as well
as phytochemical evaluation having good scope.
References
16
[1] E. Etebu, A. B. Nwauzoma. 2014 A review on sweet orange (Citrus Sinensis Osbeck):
health, diseases, and management. American Journal of Research
[2] D.C. Sikdar, Rohan Menon, Karan Duseja, Piyush Kumar, Priksha Swami. 2016.
Extraction of citrus oil from orange (citrus sinensis) peels by steam distillation and its
characterizations. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications. 4(3).
341-346. www.ijtra.com
[3] Kawaii, S., Tomono, Y., Katase, E., Ogawa, K. and Yano, M., 1999. Quantitation of
Flavonoid constituents in citrus fruits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,
47(9), pp.3565-3571
[4}Jaspreetkaur Sidana, Vipin Saini, Sumitra Dahiya, Parminder Nain, Suman Bala. A
Review on Citrus – “The Boon of Nature”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical.
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