The document outlines the examination methods for dangerous drugs, including qualitative and quantitative tests, as well as specific tests for urine specimens. It details the roles of forensic chemists, types of drugs, and the procedures for identifying tampered urine samples. Additionally, it provides criteria for determining the validity of urine specimens and the methods used for confirmatory tests.
The document outlines the examination methods for dangerous drugs, including qualitative and quantitative tests, as well as specific tests for urine specimens. It details the roles of forensic chemists, types of drugs, and the procedures for identifying tampered urine samples. Additionally, it provides criteria for determining the validity of urine specimens and the methods used for confirmatory tests.
The document outlines the examination methods for dangerous drugs, including qualitative and quantitative tests, as well as specific tests for urine specimens. It details the roles of forensic chemists, types of drugs, and the procedures for identifying tampered urine samples. Additionally, it provides criteria for determining the validity of urine specimens and the methods used for confirmatory tests.
The document outlines the examination methods for dangerous drugs, including qualitative and quantitative tests, as well as specific tests for urine specimens. It details the roles of forensic chemists, types of drugs, and the procedures for identifying tampered urine samples. Additionally, it provides criteria for determining the validity of urine specimens and the methods used for confirmatory tests.
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EXAMINATION OF
DANGEROUS DRUGS CHAPTER IV LESSON OBJECTIVES
• State the different methods of examination of
dangerous drugs • Identify the specific method of examination for a specific type of drug • Enumerate the different ways of tampering urine • Show enthusiasm in recognizing the positive result for each method of drug examination • Group different types of drugs according to their respective classifications Drug Identification
• A branch of Forensic Chemistry that
deals with the scientific examination of drugs and volatile substances Forensic Chemist/Chemical Officer
• Conducts drug identification
• Conducts drug test on body fluids of suspected drugs pushers and users • Paraphernalia (smoking pipes, tooters and aluminum foils) should also be submitted for examination Forms of Dangerous Drugs
• Tablets • Capsules • Liquid • Powder • Brick or decks of marijuana • Crushed leaves and uprooted plants Examination of Samples
Method of Examination 1. Qualitative Examination 2. Quantitative Examination Steps common to Qualitative and Qualitative Methods 1. Selection of method to be used 2. Physical test 3. Sampling 4. Sample preparation 5. Chemical test 6. Confirmatory examination 7. Calculation and interpretation of dates 8. Drawing of conclusion and writing reports Phases in Examination of D 1. Screening Test/ Preliminary Test (aka the color test) 2. Confirmatory test Screening Test • Wagner Test = brown (specific test for cocaine) • Dille-Koppanyi Test- reddish puple (for barbiturates) Screening Test Confirmatory Test • Chromatography • Spectroscopy • Fourier- Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) • Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy Confirmatory Test Examination of the Urine Specimen • Water-soluble drugs (Cocaine) • Fat-soluble drugs (Marijuana) Validity Test for Urine Specimen
• done to determine the integrity of
the samples Reasons for Conducting Validity Test • in cases of unobserved urine collection • when there is a suspicion that the urine specimen has been tampered Instances when to allow Unobserved Urine Specimen Collection
• when donor is physically unable to
go to the laboratory • when donor is involved in a crime scene • when donor is critically ill Types of Tampered Urine Specimen
1. Adulterated- contains substance
that is not a normal contituent ot containing endogenous substance 2. Diluted- less than normal physiological constituents 3. Substituted-switching or replacing Ways to Adulterate Sample
addition of: • salt • juice • detergent • bleach and other oxidizing aldulterants • illicit drugs Ways to Substitute Sample
• urine of friends or other person not
using drugs • replace sample with other substance similar to urine in appearance Ways to Dilute Sample
a. internal dilution- plenty of water
intake b. external dilution- addition of water to urine Parameters for Validity Test a. Initial Validity Test b. Confirmatory Validity Test 1. Physical characteristics (color, odor) 2. volume 3. temperature 4. pH 5. Specific Gravity 6. Nitrates 7. Createnine Other Methods for Confirmatory Validity Test
• Physical characteristics- visually
determined • volume-same as physical charateristics • Temperature- using thermometer • ph-pH meter calibrated with appropriate buffers Criteria in determining tampered urine specimen
a. adulterated • pH: < 3 or >11 • Nitrate: >500.0 ugIL • Presence of endogenous/ exogenous substances (e.g. oxidizing agents) Criteria in determining tampered urine specimen
b. Diluted • specific gravity: <1.003 • Creatinine: <1768.0 umol/ml Criteria in determining tampered urine specimen
c. Substituted • sp. gravity: < 1.003 or . 1.020 • creatinine: ,442.0 umol/L • pH <2 or >9 When do we consider a Urine Specimen as Invalid? -tampered -improperly collected, handled and stores -improperly documented
