International Accounting Standard (IAS-8) (IAS-

Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors

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Objectives
It prescribes the criteria for:  selecting and change of accounting policies;  accounting treatment;  disclosure of changes in accounting policies;  changes in accounting estimates; And  correction of errors;
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Objectives
Enhancement of:  relevance and reliability of financial statements;  comparability of those financial statements over the time and with the financial statements of other entities;

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Scope
It applied in :  Selecting and applying the accounting policies and Accounting for ;  changes in accounting policies  changes in accounting estimates And  correction of prior period errors;
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Definitions

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ACCOUNTING POLICIES
These are:  Specific principles;  Bases;  Conventions;  Rules;  Practices and These are applied in preparing and presenting financial statements.
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Change In Accounting Estimate

An adjustment of ; the carrying amount of an asset or a liability, or the amount of the periodic consumption of an asset, that results from the assessment of the present status of, and expected future benefits and obligations associated with, assets and liabilities.
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Prior Period Errors



 

Prior period errors are omissions from, and misstatements in, the entitys financial statements for one or more prior periods arising from a failure to use, or misuse of, reliable information that: was available when financial statements for those periods were authorized for issue; and could reasonably be expected to have been obtained and taken into account in the preparation and presentation of those financial statements.
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Prior Period Errors



Such errors include the effects of mathematical mistakes, mistakes in applying accounting policies, oversights or misinterpretations of facts, and fraud

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RETROSPECTIVE APPLICATION


Retrospective application is applying a new accounting policy to transactions, other events and conditions as if that policy had always been applied.

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RETROSPECTIVE RESTATEMENT


Retrospective restatement is correcting the recognition, measurement and disclosure of amounts of elements of financial statements as if a prior period error had never occurred.

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IMPRACTICABLE


Applying a requirement is impracticable when the entity cannot apply it after making every possible effort.

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PROSPECTIVE APPLICATION


Prospective application of a change in accounting policy and of recognizing the effect of a change in an accounting estimate, respectively, are: Applying the new accounting policy to transactions, other events and conditions occurring after the date as at which the policy is changed; and. Recognizing the effect of the change in the accounting estimate in the current and future periods affected by the change.
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Who will identify the change in financial statements is inevitable

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USERS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

USERS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ARE ASSUMED TO HAVE A REASONABLE KNOWLEDGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AND ACCOUNTING AND A WILLINGNESS TO STUDY THE INFORMATION WITH REASONABLE DILIGENCE. [Para 25 of Framework for the preparation and presentation of financial statements.].

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CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ACCOUNTING POLICY

       

In devising an accounting policy, it should be:  relevant;  reliable;  faithful;  having economic substance;  neutral;  prudent;  complete;
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CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ACCOUNTING POLICY continued

 

Relevant to the economic decision making needs of user; and Reliable in that the financial statements: Represents faithfully the financial position, financial performance and cash flows of the entity; Reflect the economic substance of transactions, other events and conditions, and not merely legal form; Are prudent; and Are complete in all material respects.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ACCOUNTING POLICY continued

CONSISTENCY

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What are not change in accounting policies?

 

The following are not change in accounting policies: The application of an accounting policy for transactions, other events or conditions that differ in substance from those previously occurring; and The application of a new accounting policy for transactions, other events or conditions that did not occur previously or were immaterial.
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Accounting treatment of change in accounting policy



When a change in accounting policy is applied retrospectively, the entity shall adjust the opening balances of each affected component of equity for the earliest prior period presented and the other comparative amounts disclosed for each prior period presented as if the new accounting policy had always been applied.

When it is impracticable to determine the cumulative effect, at the beginning of the current period, of applying a new accounting policy to all prior periods, the entity shall adjust the comparative information to apply the new accounting policy prospectively from the earliest date practicable.

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DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS OF CHANGE IN ACCOUNTING POLICY Title of the standard or interpretation Transitional provision if applicable Nature of change Description of transitional provision For the current period and each prior period presented, to the extent practicable, the amount of adjustment: For each financial statement line item affected; Earnings per share revised

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WHAT IS A CHANGE IN ACCOUNTING ESTIMATE?

        

 An adjustment of carrying amount of an asset or liability;  An adjustment of the amount of periodic consumption of an asset; that results from: The assessment of the present status of assets and liabilities Expected future benefits of assets Obligations associated with liabilities  Change in accounting estimates result from: New information; or New developments  Are NOT corrections of errors;

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REASON FOR ESTIMATION

When an item of financial statements cannot be measured precisely, it can only be estimated. This is because of:  Uncertainties inherent in the business;  Where judgments are involved;


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Where estimation is required?

    

Estimates may be required of:  Bad debts;  Inventory obsolescence;  Fair value of financial assets or financial liabilities;  The useful lives of, or expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in, depreciable assets; and  Warranty obligation etc
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When change in accounting estimate becomes necessary  If changes occur in the circumstances on which the estimate was based; or  As a result of a new information; or  More experience


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Recognition criteria of change in accounting estimate

Adjusting the carrying amount of the related asset, liability or equity item in the period of change recognizes a change in an accounting estimate.  Example:  Management estimates that provision for doubtful debts is estimated up to 5 percent of the total population of trade debts. However, upon identifying the age of the trade debts, it revealed that bad debts are about 6.5 percent of total population of trade debts. Management immediately recognizes the increase in bad debts expense in the books of accounts.

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DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS OF CHANGE IN ACCOUNTING ESTIMATE

Nature and amount of a change in an accounting estimate for the current year and future period if practicable;  If estimation is impracticable, disclosure of this fact;

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ERRORS

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WHAT ARE PRIOR PERIOD ERRORS?  Omissions from; or  Misstatements in  The financial statements for one or more prior periods arising from:  Continued..


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WHAT ARE PRIOR PERIOD ERRORS? Continued.



 Failure to use or misuse of reliable information that was available when financial statements for those periods were authorized for issue;  Failure to use or misuse of reliable information that could reasonably be expected to have been obtained and taken into account in the preparation and presentation of those financial statements.
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Examples of prior period errors are:

  

 Effect of mathematical mistakes  Mistakes in applying accounting policies  Oversight and misinterpretation of facts and fraud.

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Rectification Criteria


An entity shall correct material prior period errors retrospectively in the first set of financial statements authorized for issue after their discovery by:  Restating the comparative amounts for the prior period(s) presented in which the error occurred; or  If the error occurred before the earliest prior period presented, restating the opening balances of assets, liabilities and equity for the earliest prior period presented.
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LIMITATION ON RETROSPECTIVE RESTATEMENT on Limitation on period  Limitation cumulative effect specific effect
When it is impracticable to determine the period specific effects of an error on comparative information for one or more prior periods presented, the entity shall restate the opening balances of assets, liabilities and equity for the earliest period for which retrospective restatement is practicable (which may be the current period).


When it is impracticable to determine the cumulative effect, at the beginning of the current period, of an error on all prior periods, the entity shall restate the comparative information to correct the error prospectively form the earliest date practicable.

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DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS Nature of the prior period error

 To the extent practicable, the amount of the correction:  o For each financial statement line item affected; and  o Revision in earnings per share (EPS)  The amount of the correction at the beginning of the earliest prior period presented; and   If retrospective restatement is impracticable for a particular prior period, the circumstances that led to the existence of that condition and a description of how and from when the error has been corrected.


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Effective date of IAS-8 IAS

This standard is applicable from annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005.

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End of slides

Thank you

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