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CSE 2371 Material (6-1)

The document explains the relationship between kets and bras in quantum mechanics, detailing how to calculate inner products and the concept of orthonormality. It illustrates the process of measuring quantum states and calculating measurement probabilities using inner products. Additionally, it introduces quantum gates as matrices and provides examples of single qubit gates and their matrix representations.

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oliverji1209
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5 views13 pages

CSE 2371 Material (6-1)

The document explains the relationship between kets and bras in quantum mechanics, detailing how to calculate inner products and the concept of orthonormality. It illustrates the process of measuring quantum states and calculating measurement probabilities using inner products. Additionally, it introduces quantum gates as matrices and provides examples of single qubit gates and their matrix representations.

Uploaded by

oliverji1209
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

To go between kets and bras

• Ket is the conjugate transpose of a bra and vice versa.


• Flipping between kets and bras is called ”taking a dual”

1
Vectors, Inner Product (RECAP)

To calculate the inner product of two complex, two-dimensional vectors, the


complex conjugate of one is multiplied, term by term with the second. So if
vectors and are complex vectors, the inner product, or dot product, is
calculated by

This enables the inner product between two vectors to be written as

and the inner product of a vector with itself


Orthonormality

• For a quantum state , the inner product with itself is 1.

• Since , the state is normalized.

• Consider the inner product of the z-basis states and

• Since and are on the opposite side of the Bloch sphere, their inner product is zero
and they are orthogonal.

Orthogonal + Normalized = Orthonormal

3
Example
• Mathematically show that and are orthonormal
• Show that and norm squared of and is 1.
and

and are orthogonal

4
Example (contd)

•
• Similarly

• and are normalized

• Hence and are orthonormal

5
Measurement

• We can use inner product to find the amplitude of quantum states.


• The inner product is norm squared to yield the measurement probabilities:

• We have already seen that we can read off probability amplitudes. However,
sometimes that is not straightforward.
• For instance, for the quantum state,

• the measurement probabilities are and

6
Example

• For a single qubit , calculate the measurement probabilities | and | in the Z-


basis.

• Before we calculate these probabilities, we need to calculate the bra for and
and the corresponding inner products.

, , , and

• Plug in the values and calculate the norm square.

7
Example
• and
• and
• .
•| • .
• .
• .

•|

8
Measurement

• For an orthonormal basis, the state of the qubit can be written as: , where
and

• is the amplitude of in or is the projection of in

• Measurement is irreversible.

• Measurement returns a or a . Mathematically, we do not worry about how it


happens, other than the probability.

9
Gates as Matrices
• Consider the quantum gate U:
• and
• This gate can be represented in the form of a matrix as:

• U can also act on superpositions. If the qubit is in the state:

• Applying U to the qubit:

Quantum gates are matrices that keep


the total probability equal to 1 10
For instance

• Hadamard gate can be represented as:


• and

• The matrix form is:


• and

a b c d

11
Single Qubit Gates as Matrices

Gate Action on Matrix Representation


Computational Basis
Identity I|0⟩ = |0⟩
I|1⟩ = |1⟩
Pauli X X|0⟩ = |1⟩
X|1⟩ = |0⟩
Pauli Y Y |0⟩ = i|1⟩
Y|1⟩ = −i|0⟩
Pauli Z Z|0⟩=|0⟩
Z|1⟩ = −|1⟩

12
Single Qubit Gates as Matrices

Gate Action on Matrix Representation


Computational Basis
Phase S S|0⟩ = |0⟩
S|1⟩ = i|1⟩
T T|0⟩=|0⟩
T|1⟩=|1⟩
Hadamard H

13

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