Chapter 1

Introduction and Basic

Concepts

1
 Outline

• Basics of Program Development

• What is computer programming?
• Reasons to study programming

• Programming paradigms
• Flow Chart, Pseudocode, Algorithm
• Program Development Life Cycle 2
 What is computer programming

• A Computer is an electronic device that accepts data and makes logical

decisions according to instructions that have been given to it
• Based on the instruction it produces meaningful information in a form that is
useful to the user.
• They have been deployed to solve different real life problems such as
Engineering problems, Accountings, education, government operations ,
3
banking.
 Cont. …

• In order to solve a given problem,

computers must be given the correct
instruction about how they can solve it,
programming comes it to picture.

4
 Cont. …

• The terms computer programs,

software programs, or just
programs are the instructions that

tells the computer what to do.

5
Cont. …

• A programming language is an artificial language that can be used

to control the behavior of a machine, particularly a computer.
• Programming languages, like natural language (such as Amharic),
are defined by syntactic and semantic rules which describe their
structure and meaning respectively

6
Cont. …

• Writing computer programs means writing instructions that

will make the computer follow and run a program based on
those instructions

7
• Levels of Programming

There are two levels of programming.

Low –Level and High-level programming

8
Levels of Programming

• Low level language is a language

which operators based on 0s and 1s.
• Computers only understand one
language and that is binary language
or the language of 1s and 0s

9
Levels of Programming

• Although the computer easily understood these

programs, it proved too difficult for a normal
human being to remember all the instructions in the
form of 0s and 1s.
• Examples of low-level programming assembly
and machine code
10
High level programming

• High-level languages are more

English-like and, therefore, make
it easier for programmers to
"think" in the programming
language.

11
 High level programming

• High-level languages also require

translation to machine language
before execution.
• This translation is accomplished by
either a compiler or an interpreter.
• Example, C++, Java, C#, Php

12
Programming paradigms

• Programming paradigms are a way to

classify programming languages based
on their features.
• There are two main programming
paradigms such as procedural and
Object-oriented

13
 Procedural Programming Languages

• Procedural programming
specifies a list of operations that
the program must complete to
reach the desired state.

14
 Procedural Programming Languages

• Procedural programming
specifies a list of operations that
the program must complete to
reach the desired state.

15
Procedural Programming Languages

Procedures, also known as functions,

subroutines, or methods, are small
sections of code that perform a
particular function.

16
Object-oriented Programming Languages

• Object-oriented programming
is one the newest and most
powerful paradigms.
• Every thing represents in the
form of class and object.

17
Object-oriented Programming Languages

• A program thus becomes a collection

of cooperating objects, rather than a
list of instructions.
• Objects can store state information
and interact with other objects

18
Object-oriented Programming Languages

OOP principles/concepts

19
Problem Solving

• Computer solves varieties of problems • A program is not needed only to

solve a problem but also it should
that can be expressed in a finite
be reliable, (maintainable)
number of steps leading to a precisely portable and efficient.
defined goal by writing different
programs.

20
Problem Solving

• The programmer uses programming • Before a program is written, the

language to communicate the logic programmer must clearly understand
of the solution to the computer. what data are to be used, the desired
result, and the procedure to be used to
produce the result

21
Problem Solving

• The programmer uses programming • Before a program is written, the

language to communicate the logic programmer must clearly understand
of the solution to the computer. what data are to be used, the desired
result, and the procedure to be used to
produce the result
• The procedure, or solution, selected is
referred to as an algorithm
22
Problem Solving

• An algorithm is defined as a step-by step sequence of instructions that

must terminate and describe how the data is to be processed to produce
the desired outputs.
• There are three commonly used tools to help to document program logic
such as flowcharts, structured chart, and Pseudocode.

23
Flowchart Cont. ….

• Flowchart is a schematic representation of an

algorithm or a process
• Flowchart doesn’t depend on any particular
programming language so that it can used, to
translate an algorithm to more than one
programming language.

24
Flowchart Cont. ….

• Flowchart uses different

symbols (geometrical
shapes) to represent
different processes

25
Flowchart Cont. ….

Algorithm description
Example 1: - Draw flow  Read the rules of the two numbers (A and
chart of an algorithm to add B)
two numbers and display  Add A and B
their result.  Assign the sum of A and B to C
 Display the result ( c)

26
Flowchart Cont. ….

• The flow chart becomes

27
Flowchart Exercise

• Draw a flowchart to input two numbers from user and display the largest of two
numbers
• Draw a flowchart that take one input number and check the number is even or odd.
• Draw a flowchart that take one input number and display the square of the number
• Draw a flowchart that take the temperature in Fahrenheit, calculate and display the
the celisus .
• Flowchart for the calculate the sum of 1 up to 100.
• Draw a flowchart to find the largest of three numbers x, y and z
• Write an algorithm to find average age of a group of 10 players?

28
 Pseudocode

• Pseudocode is a compact and informal • The purpose of using pseudocode is

that it may be easier for humans to
high-level description of a computer
read than conventional programming
algorithm that uses the structural languages
conventions of programming languages.

• A program in pseudocode is not an executable program

29
Pseudocode Example

• For example: Write a program that obtains two integer numbers from the user. It
will print out the sum of those numbers.

Pseudocodes
• Prompt the user to enter the first integer
• Prompt the user to enter a second integer
• Compute the sum of the two user inputs
• Display an output prompt that explains the
answer as the sum
• Display the result
30
Program Development Life Cycle

• PDLC: is a serious of steps that we follow to develop a quality software

• It has five life cycles

1. Requirement Analysis
2. Design/Planning
3. Implementation or testing
4. Testing and debugging
5. Deploying and Maintaining the Program
31
32
Next Class

• Compilation Process and running

• Structure of C++ program
• Basic Elements
 Identifiers/ variable names
 Keywords (reserved words)
 Comments
• Data Types, Variables, and Constants
 Variables
33
 Basic Data Types
Cont..

• Character and Number

Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Arithmetic Operators
 Relational Operators
 Logical Operators
 Increment/decrement Operators

34
Structure of C++ Program

 [Comments]
 [Preprocessor directives]
 [Global variable declarations]
 [Prototypes of functions]
 [Definitions of functions]

35
Showing Sample program

• Any program written in //This my first cpp program (C++ Comment )

C++ has to contain a 1: #include <iostream.h> (C++ preprocess directive)

3: int main() (function definition)
number of components
4: {
such as: the main 5: cout << "Hello World!\n";
Function body
function; some variable 6: return 0;
7: }
declarations; and some
executable statements. 36
Structure of C++ Program

• If you want a string of characters written, be sure to enclose them in double

quotes (“”), as shown on line 5.
• The final two characters, \n, tell cout to put a new line after the words Hello
World
• C++ program file saved as .cpp
• Every C++ statement should ends with “;”
37
Basic Elements and Identifiers

• An identifier is name associated with a function or data object

and used to refer to that function or data object
• An identifier must be:
• Start with a letter or underscore
• Consist only of letters, the digits 0-9, or the underscore
symbol _
• Not be a reserved word
38
Basic Elements and Identifiers

• Examples of valid identifier, day_in_month, myAge, num1, Int

• Examples of invalid identifier, day-in_month, 1num, int,
myAGe; my age
• C++ identifier is case sensitive

39
Keywords (reserved words)

• Reserved/Key words have a unique meaning within a C++ program

• These symbols, the reserved words, must not be used for any other purposes.
• All reserved words are in lower-case letters
• The following are some of the reserved words of C++.
Auto, bool, int, if , break, case, do, delete, else, return, static, void, using

40
Comments

• A comment is a piece of descriptive text which explains some aspect of a program.

• Program comments are totally ignored by the compiler and are only intended for human
readers.
• C++ provides two types of comment delimiters:
• Anything after // (until the end of the line on which it appears) is considered a
comment.
• Anything enclosed by the pair /* and */ is considered a comment.

41
Data Types, Variables, and Constants

• A variable is a symbolic name for a memory location in which data can be stored and
subsequently recalled.
• All variables have two important attributes.
• A type, which is, established when the variable is defined (e.g., integer, float,
character).
• A value, which can be changed by assigning a new value to the variable. The kind of
values a variable can assume depends on its type.

42
Variable Declaration

• Declaring a variable means defining (creating) a variable.

• create or define a variable by stating its type, followed by one or more
spaces, followed by the variable name and a semicolon.
• Good variable names tell you what the variables are for; using good names
makes it easier to understand the flow of your program.

43
Variable Declaration

• Variables must be declared before used!

• C++ variable name is case sensitive
• We can create more than one variable of the same type in one statement by
writing the type and then the variable names, separated by commas.
• For example: int myAge, myWeight; // two int variables

44
Basic Data Types

• When you define a variable in C++, you must tell the compiler what kind
of variable it is.
• Basic C++ data types, int, float, double, short, long, char

45
Operators

• C++ provides operators for composing arithmetic, relational,

logical, and
conditional expressions.
• It also provides operators which produce useful side-effects,
such as assignment, increment, and decrement.
• C++ has different types of operator
46
Assignment Operators

• The assignment operator is used for storing a

value at some memory location (typically
denoted by a variable)
• Examples of assignment operators: =,+=,-=, *=,
%=

47
Arithmetic Operators

• C++ provides five basic arithmetic operators.

• Such as +,-,*,/,%
• Integer division always results in an integer
outcome (i.e., the result is always rounded down).

48
Relational Operators

• C++ provides six relational operators for

comparing numeric quantities.
• such as, ==, !=, <,>,<=,>=

49
Logical Operators

• C++ provides three logical operators for

combining logical expression.
• Like the relational operators, logical operators
evaluate to 1 or 0.
• Such as &&, ||

50
Increment/decrement Operators

 The auto increment (++) and auto decrement

(--) operators provide a convenient way of,
respectively, adding and subtracting 1 from a
numeric variable.
 Both operators can be used in prefix and
postfix form.
51
Exercise Question

• Accept one number and find the square of that number

• Accept three number and find the average of those number
• Write a program that can accept your name and display as out put
• Accept characters from keyboard and display to the screen
• Accept two number and find the reminder of those number
• Accept one number from keyboard and display “this number is between
10 and 20” as a message if the number is between 10 and 20. 52
53
Chapter Two: Control Statements

• Introduction
• Conditional Statements
• If Statement
• If-else statement
• If-else-if statement
• Switch statement 54
Introduction

• The order in which statements are executed

is called flow control (or control flow).
• Flow control in a program is typically
sequential, from one statement
to the next, but may be diverted to other
paths by branch statements

55
 Cont.… ..

• There are different types of C++ statements

• Declaration statements are used for defining There are four types
variables. of conditional
• Branching statements are used for specifying
statement

alternate paths of execution, depending on the

outcome of a logical condition

56
 If Statement

• Syntax
• if (expression)
statement;
• First expression is evaluated. If the outcome is nonzero (true) then
statement is executed. Otherwise, nothing happens.
• Example: Display the number if it is greater than 10

57
If-else statement

• This statement has two

Syntax
alternative statements: one which
if (expression)
is executed if a condition is statement1;
satisfied and one which is else

executed if the condition is not statement 2;

satisfied 58
 If-else statement

• First expression is evaluated. If the outcome • For example: Write a C++

is nonzero (true) then statement1 is executed. program to check whether a given

Otherwise, statement2 is executed. number is positive or negative

• For example: check the number is odd or not
• If statements may be nested by having an if
statement appear inside another if statement.
59
 If-else-if statement

• This is called multiple conditional statement

Syntax
if (expression 1)
statement1; • Example, Accept student total mark and
else if (expression 2) calculate the letter grade
statement 2;
.
Else
Statement n. 60
Switch Statement

• The switch statement Syntax

provides a way of choosing switch (expression) {

case constant 1:
between a set of
statements;
alternatives, based on the Case constant n:

value of an expression. The statements;

default:
general form of the switch
statement; }
61
statement is
Switch Statement

• The switch statement provides a way of choosing between a set of

alternatives, based on the value of an expression. The general form of
the switch statement is:
• First expression (called the switch tag) is evaluated, and the outcome
is compared to each of the numeric constants (called case labels), in
the order they appear, until a match is found
62
Switch Statement

• The statements following the matching case are then

• Write a
executed.
program in C+
• Execution continues until either a break statement is
+ to read any
encountered or all intervening statements until the end
digit, display in
of the switch statement are executed.
the word

63
Switch Statement

• The statements following the matching case are then

• Display the name
executed.
of digits
• Execution continues until either a break statement is
• Check the letter is
encountered or all intervening statements until the end
either Vowels or
of the switch statement are executed.
consonant

64
 Questions

• Write a C++ program to check whether a given number is even or odd

• Write a C++ program to read the value of an integer m and display the value
of m is 1 when m is larger than 0, 0 when m is 0 and -1 when m is less than 0
• Write a C++ program to find the largest of two numbers
• Write a C program to check whether an alphabet is a vowel or consonant
• Write a C++ program to find the largest of three numbers
• Write a C++ program to calculate the root of a Quadratic Equation.
• Write a C++ program to read temperature in centigrade and display in
Fahrenheit
• Write a program in C++ to read any day number in integer and display day
name in the word 65
66
Chapter Three: Looping Statements

Content Outline
• For Loop
• While Loop
• Do-while Loop
• Jumping Statement

67
• For Loop

• The for statement (also called for

loop) is similar to the while statement, Syntax

but has two additional components. for (expression1; expression2;

• An expression which is evaluated only expression3)

once before everything else, and an {

expression which is evaluated once at statement;

the end of each iteration. }

68
• For Loop

• The most common use Example 1, print a number from 0 up to 100;

Example 2, print even number starting from 2 up to 100;
of for loops is for
Example 3, print the sum of numbers starting from 1 up to 10.
situations where a
Example 4, print the sum of odd number starting from 1 up to 15
variable is incremented
or decremented with
every iteration of the
loop.
69
While Loop

• While statement (also called while

loop) provides a way of repeating a Syntax
statement while a condition is meet. while(expression){
statement; }

70
While Loop

• If the expression outcome is nonzero

then statement (called the loop body)
is executed and the whole process is
repeated. Otherwise, the loop is
terminated.

71
Do…while Statement

• The do statement (also called do loop)

Syntax
is similar to the while statement,
do
except that its body is executed first
{
and then the loop condition is
statement;
examined
}
while(expression);
72
Do…while Statement

• It is useful for situations

• First statement is executed and then
where we need the loop
expression is evaluated. If the outcome
body to be executed at least
of the latter is nonzero then the whole
once, regardless of the loop
process is repeated. Otherwise, the
condition
loop is terminated.

73
Continue Statement

• For example, a loop which

• The continue statement terminates the
repeatedly reads in a
current iteration of a loop and instead
number, processes it but
jumps to the next iteration.
ignores negative numbers,
• It applies to the loop immediately
and terminates when the
enclosing the continue statement. It is an
number is zero
error to use the continue statement outside
a loop. 74
Break Statement

• A break statement may appear inside a loop (while, do, or for) or a switch
statement. It causes a jump out of these constructs, and hence terminates them
• Like the continue statement, a break statement only applies to the loop or
switch immediately enclosing it. It is an error to use the break statement
outside a loop or a switch

75
 Exercise Question (do it three types of loop)

• Write a program in C++ to find the first 10 natural numbers

• Write a program in C++ to display n terms of natural number and their sum
• Write a program in C++ to check whether a number is prime or not.
• Write a program in C++ to find prime number within a range between two number
• Write a program in C++ to find the factorial of a number
• Write a program in C++ to find the last prime number occur before the entered number.
• Write a program in C++ to find the Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) of two numbers
• Write a program in C++ to display the pattern like right angle triangle with number
• Write a program in C++ to make such a pattern like a pyramid with an asterisk
• Write a program in C++ to display the pattern using digits with right justified and the highest
columns appears in first row
• You can get more question here

76
77
Chapter Four: Array and String

 Introduction • Multidimensional arrays

 What is an arrays • Initializing Multidimensional

 One Dimensional Array Arrays

 Declaration of Arrays
 Accessing Array Elements
 Initialization of arrays 78
Cont. …

 C++ String
 String object and C-String
 String input and output

79
Introduction

• Variables in a program have values

associated with them.
• During program execution these values
are accessed by using the identifier
associated with the variable in
expressions
80
Introduction

• In none of the programs written so far have

very many variables been used to represent
the values that were required
• To get round this difficulty all high-level
programming languages use the concept of a
data structure called an Array.
81
 What is an arrays

• An array is a data structure which • An individual element of an

allows a collective name to be array is identified by its own
given to a group of elements unique index (or subscript)
which all have the same type. • An array can be thought of as a
collection of numbered boxes
each containing one data item.
82
What is array

• To access a particular item the index of the

box associated with the item is used to access
the appropriate box. The index must be an
integer and indicates the position of the
element in the array.

83
Declaration of Arrays

• An array declaration is very similar to a

variable declaration Syntax

• First a type is given for the elements of the Data_type arrayName[Size]

array, then an identifier for the array and,

For example: float annualTemp[100];
within square brackets, the number of
elements in the array.
84
Declaration of Arrays

• The previous declaration will cause the compiler to

allocate space for 100 consecutive float variables in
memory.
• The number of elements in an array must be fixed at
compile time. It is best to make the array size a
constant
85
Accessing Array Elements

• The first element in an array in C++ always has

the index 0, and if the array has n elements the
last element will have the index n-1.
• For statements are the usual means of accessing
every element in an array.

86
Accessing Array Elements

• Using an index, or subscript, that is out of range is

called Subscript Overflow.
• Subscript overflow is one of the commonest
causes of erroneous results and can frequently
cause very strange and hard to spot errors in
programs.
87
 Initialization of arrays

• An array can be initialized in a similar manner.

• In this case the initial values are given as a list enclosed in
curly brackets.
• For example initializing an array to hold the first few prime
numbers could be written as follows:
88
Initialization of arrays

• int primes[] = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11,

13};

89
Multidimensional arrays

• An array may have more than one dimension.

• Each dimension is represented as a subscript
in the array. Therefore a two dimensional
array has two subscripts, a three dimensional
array has three subscripts, and so on
90
 Multidimensional arrays

Syntax:
datatype arrayName[size][size];
For example
int num[3][2];
• Arrays can have any number of dimensions, although most of the arrays that you
create will likely be of one or two dimensions.
91
 Array Exercise

• Create an array that can hold ten integers, and get input from user. Display
those values on the screen and count the result.
• Write a C++ program to find the next greater element of every element of a
given array of integers. Ignore those elements which have no greater element.
• Write a C++ program to find the most occurring element in an array of integers.
• Write a C++ program to find the largest element of a given array of integers.
• Write a C++ program to find the largest three elements in an array.
• Write a C++ program to find the second smallest elements in a given array of
integers.
• Write a C++ program to find a number which occurs odd number of times of a
given array of positive integers.

92
 C++ String

• String is a collection of characters.

• There are two types of strings commonly used in C++ programming
language
• Strings that are objects of string class (The Standard C++ Library
string class)
• C-strings (C-style Strings) 93
 C++ String

• In C programming, the collection of characters is stored in

the form of arrays.
• C-strings are arrays of type char terminated with null
character, that is, \0
• How to define a C-string?
char str[] = "C++";
• In the above code, str is a string and it holds 4 characters

94
C++ String to read a line of text

char str[4] = "C++";

char str[] = {'C','+','+','\0'};
char str[4] = {'C','+','+','\0'};

• C++ String to read a word

• C++ String to read a line of text

95
C++ String to read a line of text

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
char str[100];
cout << "Enter a string: ";
cin.get(str, 100);
cout << "You entered: " << str << endl; return
0;
}
96
C++ String to read a line of text

• To read the text containing blank space, cin.get function can be used. This function
takes two arguments.
• First argument is the name of the string (address of first element of string) and
second argument is the maximum size of the array.
• In the above program, str is the name of the string and 100 is the
maximum size of the array.
97
 string Object

• Unlike using char arrays, string objects has no fixed length, and can be
extended as per your requirement.
• It needs to include string library
• C++ String to read a word
• C++ String to read a line of text

98
 string Object

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main() {
// Declaring a string object
string str;
cout << "Enter a string: ";
getline(cin, str);
cout << "You entered: " << str << endl; return 0;
} 99
100
 Chapter Five: Function

Content Outline
• Introduction to Function
• Types of function
• Parts of function
• User Defined Function
• Standard Function

101
 Chapter Five: Function

Content Outline
• Function declaration
• Function return type
• Function parameter
• Function calling
• Function Argument

102
 Introduction to Function

• A function is a block of code that • You can divide up your code into separate
performs a specific task. functions
• Every C++ program has at least • How you divide up your code among
one function, which is main(), different functions is up to you,
• The most trivial programs can • Logically the division usually is such that
define additional functions. each function performs a specific task.

103
C++ User-defined Function

• C++ allows the programmer to define their own function.

• A user-defined function groups code to perform a specific task
• That group of code is given a name (identifier).
• When the function is invoked from any part of the program, it
all executes the codes defined in the body of the function.

104
Parts of function

• Return Type − A function may return a value.

The return type is the data type of the value the function
returns. Some functions perform the desired operations
without returning a value.

105
Parts of function

• Function Name − This is the actual name of the

function. The function name and the parameter list together
constitute the function signature.

106
Parts of function

• Function Body − The function body contains a collection of

statements that define what the function does.
• Parameters − A parameter is like a placeholder. When a
function is invoked, you pass a value to the parameter. This
value is referred to as actual parameter or argument.

107
Function Declaration

• A function declaration tells the compiler about a function

name and how to call the function.
• Syntax to declare a function
returnType functionName (parameter1,
parameter2,...)
{
// function body
108
//

Function Declaration

• Example
function declaration
void greet() {
cout << "Hello World";
}

109
//

Function Declaration

• From the above example,

• greet() is the name of the function
• void is the return type of the function
• The empty parentheses mean it doesn't have any parameters
• The function body is written inside {}

110
//

Function Calling

• To execute a function, you will have to call or invoke that function.

• A called function performs defined task and when it’s return statement
is executed
• When its function-ending closing brace is reached, it returns program
control back to the main program.

111
//

Function Calling

• In the above program, we have declared a function named greet(). To

use the greet() function, we need to call it.
• Here's how we can call the above greet() function.
int main()
{
// calling a function
greet();
} 112
//

Function Calling

113
//

Function Calling

• To call a function, you simply need to pass the required parameters

along with function name
• If function returns a value, then you can store returned value

114
 Function Arguments

• If a function is to use arguments, it must declare variables that accept

the values of the arguments.
• These variables are called the formal parameters of the function.
• The formal parameters behave like other local variables inside the
function and are created upon entry into the function and destroyed
upon exit.
115
 Function Parameters

• A function can be declared with parameters (arguments). A parameter

is a value that is passed when declaring a function.
• For example, let us consider the function below:
void printNum(int num) {
cout << num;

}
116
• Here, the int variable num is the function parameter
Function Parameters

117
 Function Parameters

• In the above program, we have used a function that has

one int parameter and one double parameter.
• We then pass num1 and num2 as arguments. These values are stored
by the function parameters n1 and n2 respectively.

118
Function Parameters

119
 Return Statement

• In the above programs, we have used void in the function declaration.

For example,

• This means the function is not returning any value.

120
 Return Statement

• It's also possible to return a value from a function. For this, we need to
specify the returnType of the function during function declaration.
• Then, the return statement can be used to return a value from a
function.

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Benefits of Using User-Defined Functions

• Functions make the code reusable. We can declare them once and use them
multiple times.
• Functions make the program easier as each small task is divided into a function.
• Functions increase readability.

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C++ Library Functions

• Library functions are the built-in functions in C++ programming.

• Programmers can use library functions by invoking the functions directly; they
don't need to write the functions themselves.
• Some common library functions in C++ are sqrt(), abs(), isdigit(), etc.
• In order to use library functions, we usually need to include the header file in
which these library functions are defined.
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C++ Library Functions

• For instance, in order to use mathematical functions such as sqrt() and abs(), we
need to include the header file cmath.

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C++ Library Functions

C++ Program to Find the Square Root of a Number

125
 Question

• Write a program that ask for two numbers, compare them and show the maximum. Declare a
function called max_two that compares the numbers and returns the maximum.
• Write a program that asks the user for an integer number and find the sum of all natural numbers
upto that number (create function sum).
• Write C++ program to check even or odd using functions
• Write C++ program to find cube of a number using function
• Write C++ program to find sum of natural numbers in given range using recursion
• Write C++ program to find power of a number using recursion 126
 Question

• Write C++ program to print elements of array using recursion

• Write C++ program to find maximum and minimum elements in array using recursion
• Write C++ program to find prime numbers in given range using functions

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