Microencapsultion

MICROENCAPSULATION TECHNIQUES
INTRODUCTION
Micro encapsulation is a process by which very tiny droplets or particles of liquid or solid material are surrounded or coated with a continuous film of polymeric material. The product obtained by this process is called as micro particles, microcapsules. Particles having diameter between 3 - 800m are known as micro particles or microcapsules or micro spheres. Particles larger than 1000m are known as Macro particles
HISTORY
Micro encapsulation First studied in the food industry and in the development of carbonless paper Use in drug delivery pioneered almost 40 years ago Several systems developed for the encapsulation of different therapeutic agents as well as for encapsulation of cells Variety of polymers used: Alginate, agarose, gellan gum, gelatin, chitosan, PLGA, polyvinyl alcohol, collagen, polyacrylamide Various methods used: Emulsification, ionotropic gelation, thermal gelation, in situ polymerization, interfacial polymerization
Reasons for Encapsulation

The reasons for micro encapsulation are countless. In some cases, the core must be isolated from its surroundings, as in isolating vitamins from the deteriorating effects of oxygen, retarding evaporation of a volatile core, improving the handling properties of a sticky material, or isolating a reactive core from chemical attack. In other cases, the objective is not to isolate the core completely but to control the rate at which it leaves the microcapsule, as in the controlled release of drugs or pesticides. The problem may be as simple as masking the taste or odor of the core, or as complex as increasing the selectivity of an adsorption or extraction process
Micro encapsulation Technologies

Air suspension techniques( Wurster)
Coacervation process
Spray drying & congealing Pan coating Solvent evaporation Polymerization Extrusion Single & double emulsion techniques Supercritical fluid anti solvent method (SAS) Nozzle vibration technology
POLYMERIZATION
Monodisperse micro gels in the micron or submicron size range. Precipitation polymerization starts from a homogeneous monomer solution in which the synthesized polymer is insoluble. The particle size of the resulting micro spheres depends on the polymerization conditions, including the monomer/co monomer composition, the amount of initiator and the total monomer concentration.
PAN COATING
Coating pans are used to form an aqueous or organic film around any kind of pellets and tablets or micro granules. These pans are also widely used to sugar-coat tablets. A coating pan is an essential necessity in pharmaceutical applications. Different coating techniques are applied in pharmaceutical industry.
Pellets/Tablets are continuously fed into a coating drum at a controlled rate. A high volume of process air heats the tablets at the time of entering and moving in the drum. Coating solution is applied through a series of spray guns as the product moves down the length of the coating drum. The tablets are homogeneously mixed for a uniform coating/weight gain. Shallow bed depth of the pan allows the tablet/pellets to pass through the spraying zone and finally discharged from the exhaust end of the coating drum and transported through a conveyor belt for collection, storage, inspection and packaging. These machines ensure consistent exterior coating.
Applicable core material: solids Approximate particle size:600-5000microns
COATING PAN
SPRAY DRYING & CONGEALING ( COOLING )

Spray drying : spray = aqueous solution / Hot air Spray congealing : spray = hot melt/cold air
Applicable core material: solids&liquids Approximate particle size:600microns
SOLVENT EVAPORATION
Step 1: Formation of a solution/dispersion of the drug into an organic polymer phase. Step 2: Emulsification of the polymer phase into an aqueous phase containing a suitable stabilizer, thus, forming a o/w emulsion. Step 3: Removal of the organic solvent from the dispersed phase by extraction or evaporation leading to polymer precipitation and formation of the microspheres.
Applicable core material: solids&liquids Approximate particle size: 5-5000microns
COACERVATION / PHASE SEPARATION 1.Formation of three immiscible phase . 2.Deposition of coating. 3.Rigidization of coating.
EXTRUSION
This method was first patented in 1957. The process involves forcing a core material dispersed in a molten carbohydrate mass through a series of dies, into a bath of dehydrating liquid. When contact with the liquid is made, the carbohydrate case hardens to entrap the core material. The extruded filaments are separated from the liquid bath, dried using an anti-caking agent such as calcium tripolyphosphate and sized.
Air suspension technique

Air-suspension coating Airsuspension coating of particles by solutions or melts gives better control and flexibility. The particles are coated while suspended in an upwardmoving air stream. Just sufficient air is permitted to rise through the outer annular space to fluidize the settling particles. Most of the rising air (usually heated) flows inside the cylinder, causing the particles to rise rapidly. At the top, as the air stream diverges and slows, they settle back onto the outer bed and move downward to repeat the cycle.
Applicable core material: solids Approximate particle size: 35-5000microns
ADVANTAGES
To Increase of bioavailability. To alter the drug release. To improve the patients compliance. To produce a targeted drug delivery. To reduce the reactivity of the core in relation to the outside environment. To decrease evaporation rate of the core material. To convert liquid to solid form.
To mask the core taste.
Application of Micro encapsulation

Cell immobilization : In plant cell cultures micro encapsulation, by mimicking cell natural environment, Improves efficiency in production of different metabolites used for medical, pharmacological and cosmetic purposes. Human tissue are turned into bio-artificial organs by encapsulation in natural polymers and transplanted to control hormone-deficient diseases such as diabetes and severe cases of hepatic failure.
In continuous fermentation processes immobilization is used to increase cell density, productivity and to avoid washout of the biological catalysts from the reactor. This has already been applied in ethanol and solvent production, sugar conversion or wastewater treatment. Beverage production : Today beer, wine, vinegar and other food drinks production are using immobilization technologies to boost yield, improve quality, change aromas, etc.
Protection of molecules from other compounds
The micro encapsulation technique offers a variety of opportunities such as protection and masking, reduced dissolution rate, facilitation of handling, and spatial targeting of the active ingredient. This approach facilitates accurate delivery of small quantities of potent drugs, reduced drug concentrations at sites other than the target organ or tissue and protection of labile compounds before and after administration and prior to appearance at the site of action. In future by combining various other approaches, micro encapsulation technique will find the vital place in novel drug delivery system.
QUERIES
REFERENCE
www.pharmainfo.in
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Microencapsultion

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MICROENCAPSULATION TECHNIQUES

Reasons for Encapsulation

Micro encapsulation Technologies

Applicable core material: solids Approximate particle size:600-5000microns

SPRAY DRYING & CONGEALING ( COOLING )

Applicable core material: solids&liquids Approximate particle size: 5-5000microns

Air suspension technique

Applicable core material: solids Approximate particle size: 35-5000microns

To mask the core taste.

Application of Micro encapsulation

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