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Edible Vaccines 121651

Edible vaccines are genetically modified plants that can provide active immunity against various diseases through oral ingestion. They offer advantages such as being needle-free, cost-effective, and stable without refrigeration, but also face challenges like dosage consistency and potential immunotolerance. Candidate plants for edible vaccines include bananas, potatoes, and tomatoes, each with their own benefits and drawbacks.

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6 views15 pages

Edible Vaccines 121651

Edible vaccines are genetically modified plants that can provide active immunity against various diseases through oral ingestion. They offer advantages such as being needle-free, cost-effective, and stable without refrigeration, but also face challenges like dosage consistency and potential immunotolerance. Candidate plants for edible vaccines include bananas, potatoes, and tomatoes, each with their own benefits and drawbacks.

Uploaded by

karthick280123
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EDIBLE

VACCINES
By By
P.KARTHICK S.KAMALNATH
2ND B.Pharm 2ND B.Pharm
Vaccines
# A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves
immunity to a particular disease.

# The process of distributing and administrating vaccines


is referred to as vaccination. Vaccination is a form of
immunization.

# Routes of administration, including oral, nasal,


intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intradermal

IDEAL VACCINES

It should not be toxic or pathogenic.


Low levels of side effect.
It should not contaminate the environment.
It should not cause problems in individual.
Technique of vaccination should be simple.
It should be cheap
VACCINES

PROPHYLACTIC THERAPEUTIC
(e.g. to prevent the (e.g. vaccines against
effects of a future cancer)
infection by any
Natural or "wild"
pathogen)
EDIBLE VACCINES
A genetically manipulated food, containing organisms or related
antigens that may provide active immunity against infection.

In the edible vaccines Transgenic plants are used as vaccine


production systems.

The genes encoding antigens of bacterial and viral pathogens can


be expressed in the plants in a form in which they retain native
immunogenic properties.

Initially thought to be useful only for preventing infectious


diseases, it has to be found application in prevention of
autoimmune diseases, birth control, cancer therapy, etc.

Edible vaccines are currently being developed for a number of


human and animal diseases.
Concept of edible vaccine
Developed by Arntzen in the 1990s.

Introduce gene of interest into plants (Transformation)

Gene expressed in the plant tissues edible parts (Transgenic


plants)

Genes encode putatively protective vaccine antigens form viral,


bacterial, and parasitic pathogens that cause disease in humans
and animals

Ingestion of the edible part of the transgenic plant (oral delivery


of vaccine)

Why edible vaccines are used

1. Needle free
2. Cheap
3. Storage
4. Safe
Mechanism of action
-The goal of oral vaccination is to stimulate the mucosal and
systemic immunity against pathogen.
-Edible vaccine when taken orally undergoes the mastication
process and the majority of plant cell degradation occur in the
intestine as a result of action of digestive or bacterial enzyme
on edible vaccine.
-Peyer's patches (PP) are an enriched source of IgA producing
plasma cells and have the potential to populate mucosal
tissue and serves as mucosal immune effector site.
-The breakdown of edible near PP, consisting of the 30-40
lymphoid nodules on the outer surface of intestine and contain
follicles.
-These follicles act as the site from which antigen penetrates
the intestinal epithelium, thereby accumulating antigen within
organized lymphoid structure.
-The antigen then comes in contact with M-cell.
-M-cell passes the antigen to macrophages and B-cell.
-These B cell activates the T cell to provide immune response.
-In this way the immunity is activated by the edible vaccine.
METHODS FOR TRANSFORMATION OF GENES INTO PLANTS

1. PLASMID/VECTOR CARRIER SYSTEM


METHODS FOR TRANSFORMATION OF GENES INTO PLANTS

2. GENE GUN

Micro projectile bombardment/gene gun


method

Selected DNA sequences are precipitated


onto metal (e.g. Gold, tungsten) micro-
particle

Bombarded against the vegetable tissue


with a particle gun at an accelerated
speed
Micro-particles penetrate the walls and
release the exogenous DNA inside the cell
where it will be integrated in the nuclear
genome

Produce large number of genetically


identical crop
CANDIDATE PLANTS

BANANA
Advantages:
Do not need cooking.
Proteins not destroyed even if cooked.
Inexpensive
Growth widely in developing countries.
Disadvantages:
Trees take 2-3 years to mature.
Spoil rapidly after ripening.

Researchers have also developed bananas that deliver a vaccine for


HBV
POTATO
Advantages:
Easily transformed.
Easily propagated.
Stored for long periods without refrigeration.
Disadvantages:
Cooking denature antigen.

Genetically engineered potatoes containing a hepatitis B vaccine have


successfully boosted immunity in their first human trials.
TOMATO
Advantages:
Grow quickly.
Cultivate broadly.
High content Vitamin-A may boost immune
response. Disadvantages:
Spoils readily.

Scientists have claimed that tomatoes could be used as a vaccine


against Alzheimer’s disease
Advantages
1. Do not require administration by
injection.
2.Possible production of vaccines with
low costs.
3.Do not require separation and
purification of vaccines from plant
materials.
4.Necessary syringe & needles not
required.
5.Economical in mass production and
transportation.
6.Heat stable, eliminating the need for
refrigeration
Disadvantages
1.Development of immunotolerance to
vaccine peptide or protein.
2.Consistency of dosage from fruit-to-
fruit, plant-to-plant and generation-to-
generation is not similar.
3.Stability of vaccine in fruit is not
known.
4.Dosage of vaccines would be
variable.
5.Selection of best plant is difficult.
6.Certain foods like potato are not
eaten raw, and cooking the food might
weakens the medicine present in it.
7.Not convenient for infants.
THANK YOU

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