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14 views26 pages

Lec 03

Uploaded by

Ambreen Raja
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Theory of Programming

Languages
LECTURE#3
ALGOL

Algorithmic Language
ALGOL 58

 ALGOL 58 formalized the concept of data type.


 Idea of compound statements was first introduced.
 Identifiers were allowed to have any length, as opposed to Fortran 1’s.
 Any number of array dimensions was allowed, unlike Fortran 1’s
limitation to no more than three;
 No Output Statement
 ALGOL 58 assignment operator:
 expression=>variable
ALGOL 60

 ALGOL 60 was the result of efforts to design a universal programming


language for scientific applications.
 It was designed by an international committee to be a universal
language.
 The language designed at the Zurich meeting was named the
International Algorithmic Language (IAL).
 It was suggested during the design that the language be named ALGOL.
Hello World Program in ALGOL
COBOL

Common Business-Oriented Language


COBOL

 COBOL 60 published by the Government printing office in April 1960.


 Revised versions were published in 1961 and 1962.
 The language was standardized by the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) group in 1968.
 The language continues to evolve today.
COBOL

 English like programming language, so that business managers could


understand the code.
 COBOL is primarily used in business, finance and administrative
systems for companies and governments.
COBOL Example
Basic

Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code


Basic

 Designed at Dartmouth College by two mathematicians, John Kemeny


and Thomas Kurtz, in 1964.
 There was no way for an executing program to get input data from the
user.
 The original Basic had only 14 different statement types and a single
data type - floating point.
Basic

 Second generation Basics introduced structured and procedure oriented


programming.
 Third generation Basics introduced features to support object oriented
and event driven programming paradigm.
Basic Example
Output
SNOBOL

 StriNg Oriented and symBOlic Language


SNOBOL

 SNOBOL (pronounced “snow-ball”; Griswold et al., 1971) was designed


in the early 1960s by D.J. Farber, R.E. Griswold and I.P. Polonsky.
 It was designed specifically for text processing.
 The heart of SNOBOL is a collection of powerful operations for string
pattern matching.
SNOBOL Example
PROLOG

 Logic Programming Language


PROLOG

 The language was developed in 1972 by Alain Colmerauer with Philippe


Roussel.
 Program logic is expressed in terms of relations.
 Represented as facts and rules.
 A computation is initiated by running a query over these relations.
PROLOG
Other Languages

 SIMULA
 ADA
 SMALLTALK
 PASCAL
 C++
 JAVA
 PYTHON
 JAVA SCRIPT
1.Procedural Programming
Languages

 This programming paradigm, derived from structured programming


specifies a series of well-structured procedures and step to compose a
program.
 Set of commands for:
 Variables,
 Functions,
 Statements and conditional operators
 BASIC, C, Java, PASCAL, FORTRAN are examples of procedural
programming language.
2.Functional Programming
Languages

 A functional programming language is a declarative programming


paradigm where programs are constructed by applying and composing
functions.
 Pure functional languages do not support iteration like loop statements
and conditional statements like if-else.
 Some of the most prominent functional programming languages are
Haskell, SML, Scala, F#, ML, Scheme and More.
3.Object-Oriented Programming
Languages

 This programming paradigm is based on the “objects” i.e. it contains


data in the form of fields and the code in the form of procedures.
 Offer many features like abstraction, encapsulation, polymorphism,
inheritance, classes, and Objects.
 Most multi-paradigm languages are OOPs languages such as Java, C++,
C#, Python, JavaScript, and more.
4.Scripting Programming Languages

 All scripting languages are programming languages that do not require


a compilation step and are rather interpreted.
 The languages are majorly used in web applications, system
administration, games applications, and multimedia.
 Server side scripting languages: JavaScript, PHP, PERL.
 Client side scripting languages: JavaScript, AJAX, Jquery.
 System administration: Shell, PERL, Python
 Linux interface: BASH
 Web development: Ruby
5.Logic Programming

 This programming paradigm is largely based on formal logic.


 The language does not tell the machine how to do something but
employs restrictions on what it must consider doing.
 PROLOG, ASAP(Answer Set Programming), and Datalog are major logic
programming languages.

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