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Theory of Programming
Languages LECTURE#3 ALGOL
Algorithmic Language ALGOL 58
ALGOL 58 formalized the concept of data type.
Idea of compound statements was first introduced. Identifiers were allowed to have any length, as opposed to Fortran 1’s. Any number of array dimensions was allowed, unlike Fortran 1’s limitation to no more than three; No Output Statement ALGOL 58 assignment operator: expression=>variable ALGOL 60
ALGOL 60 was the result of efforts to design a universal programming
language for scientific applications. It was designed by an international committee to be a universal language. The language designed at the Zurich meeting was named the International Algorithmic Language (IAL). It was suggested during the design that the language be named ALGOL. Hello World Program in ALGOL COBOL
Common Business-Oriented Language
COBOL
COBOL 60 published by the Government printing office in April 1960.
Revised versions were published in 1961 and 1962. The language was standardized by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) group in 1968. The language continues to evolve today. COBOL
English like programming language, so that business managers could
understand the code. COBOL is primarily used in business, finance and administrative systems for companies and governments. COBOL Example Basic
Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
Basic
Designed at Dartmouth College by two mathematicians, John Kemeny
and Thomas Kurtz, in 1964. There was no way for an executing program to get input data from the user. The original Basic had only 14 different statement types and a single data type - floating point. Basic
Second generation Basics introduced structured and procedure oriented
programming. Third generation Basics introduced features to support object oriented and event driven programming paradigm. Basic Example Output SNOBOL
StriNg Oriented and symBOlic Language
SNOBOL
SNOBOL (pronounced “snow-ball”; Griswold et al., 1971) was designed
in the early 1960s by D.J. Farber, R.E. Griswold and I.P. Polonsky. It was designed specifically for text processing. The heart of SNOBOL is a collection of powerful operations for string pattern matching. SNOBOL Example PROLOG
Logic Programming Language
PROLOG
The language was developed in 1972 by Alain Colmerauer with Philippe
Roussel. Program logic is expressed in terms of relations. Represented as facts and rules. A computation is initiated by running a query over these relations. PROLOG Other Languages
SIMULA ADA SMALLTALK PASCAL C++ JAVA PYTHON JAVA SCRIPT 1.Procedural Programming Languages
This programming paradigm, derived from structured programming
specifies a series of well-structured procedures and step to compose a program. Set of commands for: Variables, Functions, Statements and conditional operators BASIC, C, Java, PASCAL, FORTRAN are examples of procedural programming language. 2.Functional Programming Languages
A functional programming language is a declarative programming
paradigm where programs are constructed by applying and composing functions. Pure functional languages do not support iteration like loop statements and conditional statements like if-else. Some of the most prominent functional programming languages are Haskell, SML, Scala, F#, ML, Scheme and More. 3.Object-Oriented Programming Languages
This programming paradigm is based on the “objects” i.e. it contains
data in the form of fields and the code in the form of procedures. Offer many features like abstraction, encapsulation, polymorphism, inheritance, classes, and Objects. Most multi-paradigm languages are OOPs languages such as Java, C++, C#, Python, JavaScript, and more. 4.Scripting Programming Languages
All scripting languages are programming languages that do not require
a compilation step and are rather interpreted. The languages are majorly used in web applications, system administration, games applications, and multimedia. Server side scripting languages: JavaScript, PHP, PERL. Client side scripting languages: JavaScript, AJAX, Jquery. System administration: Shell, PERL, Python Linux interface: BASH Web development: Ruby 5.Logic Programming
This programming paradigm is largely based on formal logic.
The language does not tell the machine how to do something but employs restrictions on what it must consider doing. PROLOG, ASAP(Answer Set Programming), and Datalog are major logic programming languages.