Bod Cod Toc - Gaman Hitesh

A
Presentation
on
BOD, COD, TOC

Water quality parameters

Indicators of organic contamination :

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

Total Organic Carbon (TOC)

Oxygen Demand
Oxygen is demanded in waste water for
the oxidation of both inorganic as well
as organic matter.
Oxygen is essential for the livelihood of
micro organisms.
Measured in several ways
BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand
COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand
TOC Total Organic Carbon
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Dissolved Oxygen (DO) The amount of free
oxygen dissolved in water, expressed in
milligrams per liter, parts per million, or
percent of saturation.

Oxygen is essential for maintaining
ecosystem in a balanced state.

Solubility of DO in waste water is only
95% of that in Distilled water.
Indicates of freshness of sewage.

Dissolved Oxygen is necessary for the
life of aquatic organisms.

For prevention of offensive odors.

The ideal dissolved oxygen level for fish is
between 7 and 9 milligrams per liter
(mg/L).

DO depends upon factors solubility of
oxygen, temperature, partial pressure of
oxygen & purity of water

Dissolved Oxygen levels (DO)

Animals and plants grow and

reproduce unimpaired when :

DO levels > 5 mg/L.

Living organisms become stressed

at DO levels 3 ~ 5 mg/L.

Dissolved Oxygen levels (DO)

At levels under 3 mg/L, a condition
known as hypoxia prevails: many species
move elsewhere and non -mobile species may
die.

Anoxia, occurs when the water
becomes totally depleted of oxygen (less than
0.5 mg/L; anaerobic conditions)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Defined as the oxygen required by micro
organism for biological decomposition of organic
matter under aerobic conditions at standard
temperature.

The measurement of BOD is used to
determine the level of organic pollution of a
sewage .
The greater the BOD, the greater the degree
of water pollution.
BOD: A Bioassay
Briefly, the BOD test employs a
bacterial seed to catalyze the
oxidation of 300 mL of full-
strength or diluted wastewater.
The strength of the un-diluted
wastewater is then determined
from the dilution factor and the
difference between the initial D.O.
and the final D.O.
BOD
Bottle
BOD DO DO
t i f

BOD with dilution
t
i f
s
b
BOD
=
DO
-
DO
V
V
|
\
|
.
|
Where
BOD
t
= biochemical oxygen demand at t days, [mg/L]
DO
i
= initial dissolved oxygen in the sample bottle,
[mg/L]
DO
f
= final dissolved oxygen in the sample bottle,
[mg/L]
V
b
= bottle volume, usually 300 or 250 mL, [mL]
V
s
= sample volume, [mL]
BOD - Oxygen Consumption
CBOD
NBOD
y
or
BOD
(mg/L)
Time
L=oxidizable carbonaceous material remaining to be oxidized

BOD y L L
t t o t
=
NBOD
Nitrogenous BOD (NBOD)
NH O NO H O H
Nitrosomonas
3 2 2 2
15 + + +
+
.
NO O NO
Nitrobacter
2 2 3
1
2

+

Like CBOD, the NBOD can be modeled as a simple 1st order
decay:
dL
dt
k L
N
N
N
=
BOD Modeling
"L" is modeled as a simple 1st order decay:

dL
dt
k L =
1
L L e
o
k t
=

1
Which leads to:
We get:
BOD y L e
t t o
k t
=

( ) 1
1
BOD y L L
t t o t
=
And combining with:
BOD - loss of biodegradable organic
matter (oxygen demand)
L
o

L
t

L

o
r

B
O
D

r
e
m
a
i
n
i
n
g

Time
L
o
-L
t
= BOD
t

BOD
Bottle
BOD
Bottle
BOD
Bottle
BOD
Bottle
BOD
Bottle
Limitations

1. BOD test measures only biodegradable organics.
2. Long period of time is required to obtain
results.

3. High concentration of active bacteria is
required.
4. Pretreatment is needed if the samples contains
toxic wastes.
5. The effect of nitrifying bacteria should be
reduced by pretreatment.
Chemical Oxygen Demand

A chemical measure of the amount
of oxygen required to oxidize organic
substances in water or wastewater. A strong
oxidizing agent (+acid and heat) are used to
oxidize all the carbon compounds in the
waste water sample.
COD: A chemical test
The chemical oxygen
demand (COD) of a waste is
measured in terms of the
amount of potassium
dichromate (K
2
Cr
2
O
7
)
reduced by the sample
during 2 hr of reflux in a
medium of boiling, 50%
H
2
SO
4
and in the presence of
a Ag
2
SO
4
catalyst.
COD
The stoichiometry of the reaction between dichromate
and organic matter is:

C
a
H
b
O
c
+ Cr
2
O
7
-2
+ H
+
Cr
+3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
BOD v/s COD
COD test is faster than BOD analysis: used
for quick assessment of wastewater
strength and treatment performance
Like the BOD, it does not measure oxidant
demand due to nitrogeneous species
It does not distinguish between
biodegradable and non-biodegradable
organic matter. As a result COD's are
always higher than BOD's.

TOC

Total organic carbon analysis is a determination of
organic carbon in a sample regardless of its
oxidation state or biodegradability.
Applicable to small concentration of organic
matter.
It can be performed very rapidly & its becoming
more popular

The oxidation process is based on the following
stoichiometry:
C H N O a
b d
O aCO
b
H O
c
N
a b c d
+ + + + ( )
4 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
Test:
1. Measured with TOC Analyzer.
2. Injecting of sample into high temperature
furnace.
3. Oxidation of organic carbon into CO
2
in
the presence of catalyst.
4. CO
2
measured by Infrared Analyzer.
5. To eliminate errors due to inorganic
carbon, sample is acidified & aerated.

TOC - Pyrolysis Instrument
CO
2
Detector Recorder
Syringe
O
2
Condensor
Furnace
Sample Inlet
TOC - UV/per sulfate Instrument
CO
2
Detector Recorder
Syringe
O
2
Condensor
Sample
Inlet
Persulfate
Solution
UV Reactor
TOC - The CO
2
Detector
Demodulator
Amplif ier
Sensing
Cell
Sample
Reference
In Out
Chopper
IR
Source
A non-dispersive infra-red analyzer (NDIR)
Results:
Typical values for Domestic waste:
BOD - 250-350 mg/l
COD - 200-500 mg/l
TOC - 100-300 mg/l

BOD
5
/TOC ratio= 1 to 1.6
COD/BOD
5
ratio= 1.25 to 2.5

Bod Cod Toc - Gaman Hitesh

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bod Cod Toc - Gaman Hitesh

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bod Cod Toc - Gaman Hitesh

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

A

You might also like