PHP Operators:
• PHP Operator is a symbol i.e used to perform operations on operands. In simple words, operators are
used to perform operations on variables or values. For example: $num=10+20;//+ is the operator and
10,20 are operands
• PHP Operators can be categorized in following forms:
1. Arithmetic operators 7. Array operators
8. Conditional assignment operators
2. Assignment operators
3. Comparison operators
4. Increment/Decrement operators
5. Logical operators
6. String operators
PHP Operators:
1. Arithmetic Operators
The PHP arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common arithmetical
operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication etc.
Operator Name Example Result
+ Addition $x + $y Sum of $x and $y
- Subtraction $x - $y Difference of $x and $y
* Multiplication $x * $y Product of $x and $y
/ Division $x / $y Quotient of $x and $y
% Modulus $x % $y Remainder of $x divided by $y
** Exponentiation $x ** $y Result of raising $x to the $y'th
power
PHP Operators:
2. Assignment Operators:
The PHP assignment operators are used with numeric values to write a value to a variable.
Assignment Same as... Description
x=y x=y The left operand gets set to the value of the
expression on the right
x += y x=x+y Addition
x -= y x=x-y Subtraction
x *= y x=x*y Multiplication
x /= y x=x/y Division
x %= y x=x%y Modulus
PHP Operators:
3. Comparison Operators
The PHP comparison operators are used to compare two values (number or string):
Operator Name Example Result
== Equal $x == $y Returns true if $x is equal to $y
=== Identical $x === $y Returns true if $x is equal to $y,
and they are of the same type
!= Not equal $x != $y Returns true if $x is not equal to
$y
<> Not equal $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not equal to
$y
!== Not identical $x !== $y Returns true if $x is not equal to
$y, or they are not of the same
type
PHP Operators:
Comparison Operators
Operator Name Example Result
< Less than $x < $y Returns true if $x is less than $y
>= Greater than or equal $x >= $y Returns true if $x is greater than or
to equal to $y
<= Less than or equal to $x <= $y Returns true if $x is less than or
equal to $y
<=> Spaceship $x <=> $y Returns an integer less than, equal
to, or greater than zero, depending
on if $x is less than, equal to, or
greater than $y. Introduced in PHP
7.
PHP Operators:
4. Increment / Decrement Operators:
The PHP increment operators are used to increment a variable's value and decrement operators are
used to decrement a variable's value.
Operator Same as... Description
++$x Pre-increment Increments $x by one, then returns $x
$x++ Post-increment Returns $x, then increments $x by one
--$x Pre-decrement Decrements $x by one, then returns $x
$x-- Post-decrement Returns $x, then decrements $x by one
PHP Operators:
5. Logical Operators:
The PHP logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.
Operator Name Example Result
and And $x and $y True if both $x and $y are true
or Or $x or $y True if either $x or $y is true
xor Xor $x xor $y True if either $x or $y is true, but not both
&& And $x && $y True if both $x and $y are true
|| Or $x || $y True if either $x or $y is true
! Not !$x True if $x is not true
PHP Operators:
6. String Operators:
PHP has two operators that are specially designed for strings.
Operator Name Example Result
. Concatenation $txt1 . $txt2 Concatenation of $txt1 and
$txt2
.= Concatenation assignment $txt1 .= $txt2 Appends $txt2 to $txt1
PHP Operators:
7. Array Operators:
The PHP array operators are used to compare arrays.
Operator Name Example Result
+ Union $x + $y Union of $x and $y
== Equality $x == $y Returns true if $x and $y have the same
key/value pairs
=== Identity $x === $y Returns true if $x and $y have the same
key/value pairs in the same order and of
the same types
!= Inequality $x != $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
<> Inequality $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
!== Non-identity $x !== $y Returns true if $x is not identical to $y
PHP Operators:
8. Conditional Assignment Operators:
The PHP conditional assignment operators are used to set a value depending on conditions:
Operator Name Example Result
?: Ternary $x Returns the value of $x.
= expr1 ? expr2 : expr3 The value of $x is expr2 if expr1 = TRUE.
The value of $x is expr3 if expr1 = FALSE
?? Null coalescing $x = expr1 ?? expr2 Returns the value of $x.
The value of $x is expr1 if expr1 exists,
and is not NULL.
If expr1 does not exist, or is NULL, the
value of $x is expr2.
Introduced in PHP 7
Conditional Statements in PHP:
• A conditional statement in PHP is a programming construct that allows you to execute different
blocks of code based on whether a specified condition evaluates to true or false.
• It enables you to create dynamic and flexible code logic by controlling the flow of execution
based on various conditions.
1. if statement:
• PHP if statement executes a block of code if a specified condition is true.
if (condition) {
// Code to execute if condition is true
}
Conditional Statements in PHP:
Example of if statement: $t = 14;
if ($t < 20) {
echo “Hello!";}
2. if-else statement:
• PHP else statement executes a block of code if the condition of the preceding if statement evaluates
false.
if (condition) {
// Code to execute if condition is true
} else {
// Code to execute if condition is false
}
Conditional Statements in PHP:
• Example of if-else statement;
$t = date("H");
if ($t < "20") {
echo "Have a good day!";
} else {
echo "Have a good night!";
}
Conditional Statements in PHP:
3. nested if statement:
• PHP else if statement allows you to evaluate multiple conditions sequentially and execute the
corresponding block of code if any condition is true.
if (condition1) {
// Code to execute if condition1 is true
} elseif (condition2) {
// Code to execute if condition2 is true
} else {
// Code to execute if both condition1 and condition2 are false
}
Conditional Statements in PHP:
Example of else if statement:
$a = 13;
if ($a > 10) {
echo "Above 10";
if ($a > 20) {
echo " and also above 20";
} else {
echo " but not above 20";
}}
Conditional Statements in PHP:
4. Switch statement:
PHP switch statement provides an alternative to multiple elseif statements by allowing you to test a
variable against multiple possible values and execute different blocks of code accordingly.
switch (expression) {
case value1:
// Code to execute if expression equals value1
break;
case value2:
// Code to execute if expression equals value2
break;
default:
// Code to execute if expression doesn't match any case
}
Conditional Statements in PHP:
Example of switch statement:
$favcolor = "red";
switch ($favcolor) {
case "red":
echo "Your favorite color is red!";
break;
case "blue":
echo "Your favorite color is blue!";
break;
case "green":
echo "Your favorite color is green!";
break;
default:
echo "Your favorite color is neither red, blue, nor green!";}
