Python

Fundamentals

Wednesday, July 23, 2025 1

 Agenda

• Recap
• Lists, Tuples, Dictionaries, Sets
• Conditions
• Checking for Equality
• Ignoring Case When Checking for Equality
• Checking for Inequality
• Numerical Comparisons
• Checking Multiple Conditions
• Checking Whether a Value is in a List or Not
• Boolean Expressions
• If Statements
• The if-elif-else Chain
• Using if with Lists
• Checking that a list is Not Empty

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 Agenda

• Loops
• Basic “for” Loop
• “for” Loop with range ()
• Iterating Through a Dictionary
• Basic “while” Loop
• “while” loop with Lists & Dicationary
• Functions
• Defining and Calling Function
• Function with Parameters
• Function with Multiple Parameters
• Default Parameter Values
• Keyword Arguments

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Set
s
● Syntax: Set_variable = {“a”, “b”, 6-}
● You can apply len(), type().
● It can contain different data types.
● You can use set() constructor instead of the curly brackets.
● You cannot access them the same way of indexing.
● You cannot modify an item using basic assignment:
set_variable[0] =‘c’

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Sets Notes &
Methods
● Accessing Set elements use: IN operator.
● You can add items using add()
● Same as extend() in lists you can use update() to add two sets/any
other sequence
● Remove(): to remove and item from the set
● Union() == Update() but union() returns a new set. Update() modifies.
● Intersection(): get the duplicated items from two sets and return a
new set.
● intersection_update() same as intersection() but updates directly.

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Dictionari
es
● Syntax: Dict_variable = {“name”: “Merna”, “age”: 20, 1: [1,2,3]}
● You can apply len(), type().
● It can contain different data types.
● You can use dict() constructor instead of the curly brackets.
● You can access them using Keys.
● You can modify an item using basic assignment:
dict_variable[‘name’]= ‘Ahmed’

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DICTIONARY Notes &
Methods
● Dictionaries can be deleted using the del function in python.
● Duplicate keys are not allowed. Last key will be assigned while others Som
are ignored. important built-in functions: e
● .clear() to clear all elements of the dictionary.
● .copy() to copy all elements of the dictionary to another variable.
● .fromkeys() to create another dictionary with the same keys.
● .get(key) to get the values corresponding to the passed key.
● .has_key() to return True if this key is in the dictionary.
● .items() to return a list of dictionary (key, value) tuple pairs.
● .keys() to return list of dictionary dictionary keys.
● .values() to return list of dictionary dictionary values.
● .update(dict) to add key-value pairs to an existing dictionary.
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Comparison between the list, Tuple, Set,
Dictionary :

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Comparison between the list, Tuple, Set,
Dictionary :
• Ordered means that each element won’t change its place until you modify it.
• Changeable means you can edit its element.
• No Duplicates means that it only contains unique values.
• Indexed means you can access each element by its index/position except dictionaries you
access elements using keys.

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 Conditions

Checking for Equality

car = “bm car = “audi

Is True " Is False
w"
car == “b car == “b
mw" mw"

Ignoring Case When Checking for Equality

car = "Audi car = "Audi"

" Is False car.lower() == Is True
car == "au "audi
di"

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 Conditions

Checking for Inequality

requested_topping = "mushro
oms"
if requested_topping !
= "anchovies"
print("Hold the anchovies!")
Numerical Comparisons

age = 18 answer = 17
age == 18 Is True if answer != 42:
print("That is not the correct ans
wer")

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 Conditions

Checking Multiple Conditions

age_0 = 22
age_1 = 18
age_0 >= 21 and age_1 >= 2 Is False
1

age_1 = 22
age_0 >= 21 and age_1 > Is True
= 21

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 Conditions

Checking Whether a Value is in a List

requested_toppings = ['mushrooms', 'onions', 'pi

neapple’] Is True
‘mushrooms’ in requested_toppings
Is False
‘pepproni’ in requested_toppings

Checking Whether a Value is Not in a List

banned_users = ['andrew', 'carolina','david']
user = 'marie'
if user not in banned_users:
print(f"{user.title()}, you can post a response i
f you wish.")

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 Conditions

Boolean Expressions
game_active = True
can_edit = False

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 Conditions

If Statements

age = 19
if age >= 18:
print("you are old enough to vote!")

If-else Statements
age = 17
if age >= 18:
print("you are old enough to vote!")
print ("Have you registered to vote yet?")
else:
print("Sorry, you are too young to vote.")
print ("Please register to vote as soon as you t
urn 18!")
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 Conditions

The if-elif-else Chain

age = 12
if age < 4:
print("your are addmission cost is 0$.")
else age < 18:
print("your admission cost is 25$.")
else:
print("your admission cost is 40$.")

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 Conditions

Using if Statements with Lists

requested_toppings = ['mushrooms’, green peppers', 'ext

ra cheese']
for requested_topping == "green peppers":
if requested_topping == "green peppers":
print("Sorry, we are out of green peppers right now."
)
else:
print(f"Adding{requested_toppings}.")
print("\nFinished making your pizza!")

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 Conditions

Checking that a list is Not Empty

requested_toppings = []
if requested_toppings:
for requested_topping in requested_toppings:
print(f"Adding {requested_topping}.")
print("\nFinished making your pizza!")
else:
print("Are you sure you want a plain pizza?")

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Let’s Practice

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 Practice
• Question 1:
• Write a program that takes three integers, and prints out the smallest number.
Ans 1:

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 Practice
• Question 2:
• Write a program that reads a student grade percentage and prints "Excellent" if his grade is greater than or
equal 85, "Very Good" for 75 or greater; "Good" for 65, "Pass" for 50, "Fail" for less than 50.

Ans 2:

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 Practice
• Question 3:

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 Practice
• Ans 3:

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 Loops: “for” Loop

Basic “for” Loop

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

for number in numbers:

print(number)

“for” Loop with range ()

for i in range(5):
print(f"Iteration {i}")

Iterating Through a Dictionary

student = {"name": "Alice", "age": 22, "grade": "
A"}
for key, value in student.items():
print(f"{key}: {value}")
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 Loops: “while” Loop

Basic “while” Loop

current_number = 1
while current_number <= 5:
print(current_number)
current_number += 1

prompt = "\
nTell me something, and I will repeat it back to y
ou:"
prompt += "\nEnter 'quit' to end the program. "
message = ""
while message != 'quit':
message = input(prompt)
print(message)
if message != 'quit':
print(message)
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 Loops: “while” Loop

“while” Loop with Lists & Dictionary

pets = ['dog', 'cat', 'dog', 'goldfish', 'cat', 'rabbit',
'cat']
print(pets)
while 'cat' in pets:
pets.remove('cat')
print(pets)
prompt = "\
nTell me something, and I will repeat it back to y
ou:"
prompt += "\nEnter 'quit' to end the program. "
message = ""
while message != 'quit':
message = input(prompt)
print(message)
if message != 'quit':
print(message) 26
 Loops: “while” Loop
“while” Loop with Dictionary
responses = {}
# Set a flag to indicate that polling is active.
polling_active = True
while polling_active:
# Prompt for the person's name and response.
name = input("\nWhat is your name? ")
response = input("Which mountain would you like to climb someday? ")
# Store the response in the dictionary.
responses[name] = response
# Find out if anyone else is going to take the poll.
repeat = input("Would you like to let another person respond? (yes/ no) ")
if repeat == 'no':
polling_active = False
# Polling is complete. Show the results.
print("\n--- Poll Results ---")
for name, response in responses.items():
print(f"{name} would like to climb {response}.")
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Let’s Practice

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 Practice
• Question 1:
• Print sum of first 100 integers.

Ans 1:

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 Practice
• Question 2:
• Write a program that reads a positive integer and computes the factorial.

Ans 2:

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 Practice
• Question 3:
• Write a program that given a number N. Print all even numbers between 1 and N inclusive in separate lines.

Ans 3:

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 Functions

Defining and Calling Function

def greet():
print("Hello, world!")
# Calling the function
greet()

Function with Parameters

# Function with parameters
def greet_person(name):
print(f"Hello, {name}!")

# Calling the function with an argument

greet_person("Alice")

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 Functions
Function with Multiple Parameters
# Function with multiple parameters
def add(a, b):
return a + b
# Calling the function with arguments
result = add(3, 5)
print(result)

Default Parameter Values

# Function with default parameter values
def greet(name="Guest"):
print(f"Hello, {name}!")
# Calling the function without an argument
greet()
# Calling the function with an argument
greet("Bob")
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 Functions
Keyword Argument
# Function with keyword arguments
def describe_person(name, age, city):
print(f"{name} is {age} years old and lives in
{city}.")

# Calling the function with keyword arguments

describe_person(name="Alice", age=30, city="N
ew York")

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Let’s Practice

35
 Practice
• Question 1:
• Write a function that reads the radius of a circle and calculates the area and circumference then prints the
results.

Ans 1:

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 Practice
• Question 2:

Ans 2:

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 Summary Question
• Summary Question:
• Write a function that takes one integer and print if it is prime or not.

Ans:

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Any Questions ?

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Thank You ♥♥

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