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    Framing

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    abubakerabidnoor
    Clock-based framing breaks the data stream into fixed-length frames using synchronized clocks. Each frame begins with a synchronization pattern to allow recovery of frame synchronization. Clocks must be closely synchronized between nodes to maintain framing. SONET uses clock-based framing with fixed-length frames and byte-level multiplexing to synchronize multiple lower-speed links onto a single high-speed link.

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    Framing

    Uploaded by

    abubakerabidnoor
    137 views23 pages
    Clock-based framing breaks the data stream into fixed-length frames using synchronized clocks. Each frame begins with a synchronization pattern to allow recovery of frame synchronization. Clocks must be closely synchronized between nodes to maintain framing. SONET uses clock-based framing with fixed-length frames and byte-level multiplexing to synchronize multiple lower-speed links onto a single high-speed link.

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    Clock-based framing breaks the data stream into fixed-length frames using synchronized clocks. Each frame begins with a synchronization pattern to allow recovery of frame synchronization. Clocks must be closely synchronized between nodes to maintain framing. SONET uses clock-based framing with fixed-length frames and byte-level multiplexing to synchronize multiple lower-speed links onto a single high-speed link.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    137 views23 pages

    Framing

    Uploaded by

    abubakerabidnoor
    Clock-based framing breaks the data stream into fixed-length frames using synchronized clocks. Each frame begins with a synchronization pattern to allow recovery of frame synchronization. Clocks must be closely synchronized between nodes to maintain framing. SONET uses clock-based framing with fixed-length frames and byte-level multiplexing to synchronize multiple lower-speed links onto a single high-speed link.

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    Framing

    Point-to-Point Links
    Reading: Peterson and Davie, Ch. 2
    Hardware building blocks Encoding Framing Error Detection Reliable transmission
    Sliding Window Algorithm
    2

    Framing
    Breaks continuous stream/sequence of bits into a frame and demarcates units of transfer Typically implemented by network adaptor
    Adaptor fetches/deposits frames out of/into host memory
    Node A Adaptor Bits Adaptor Node B

    Frames

    Advantages of Framing
    Synchronization recovery
    consider continuous stream of unframed bytes recall RS-232 start and stop bits

    Multiplexing of link
    multiple hosts on shared medium simplifies multiplexing of logical channels

    Efficient error detection


    frame serves as unit of detection (valid or invalid) error detection overhead scales as log N
    4

    Problem ?

    Recognizing exactly the boundaries of a frame


    Must determine the first and last bit of a frame

    Approaches
    Organized by end of frame detection method Approaches to framing
    sentinel (marker, like C strings) length-based (like Pascal strings) clock-based

    Approaches
    Other aspects of a particular approach
    bit- or byte-oriented fixed- or variable-length data-dependent or data-independent length
    7

    Framing with Sentinels


    End of frame: special byte or bit pattern Choice of end of frame marker
    valid data byte or bit sequence e.g. 01111110 physical signal not used by valid data symbol
    8 16 16 8

    Beginning sequence

    Header

    Body

    CRC

    Ending sequence

    Sentinel Based Approach


    Problem: special pattern appears in the payload Solution: bit stuffing
    sender: insert 0 after five consecutive 1s receiver: delete 0 that follows five consecutive 1s

    x 1 1 1 1 1 0

    x 1 1 1 1 1 0

    Node A
    x 0 1 1 1 1 1 0

    Node B
    x 0 1 1 1 1 1 0

    Sentinel Based Approach


    Problem: equal size frames are not possible
    frame length is data-dependent

    Sentinel based framing examples


    High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) protocol Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) ARPANET IMP-IMP protocol IEEE 802.4 (token bus)
    10

    Sentinels: HDLC
    Developed by IBM, standardized by OSI Bit-oriented, variable-length, datadependent Special bit pattern 01111110 marks end of frame Insert 0 after pattern 011111 in data (bit stuffing)
    11

    Sentinels: HDLC
    At receiver end, if the frame received is:
    0111110 bit stuffed, therefore receive only 011111 error in end of frame marker, lose two frames 01111110: end of frame 01111111: error, lose one or two frames
    12

    Sentinels: PPP
    Byte-oriented, variable-length, datadependent Special flag 01111110 for start-of-text
    address and control field uses default values (FF / 8E) protocol field used for demultiplexing (IP,LCP,) LCP (Link Control Protocol) send control messages
    flag address control establishes payload protocol link between two peers checksum negotiates payload and checksum size flag
    13

    Sentinels: ARPANET IMP-IMP


    Interface Message Processors (IMPs): packet-switching nodes in the original ARPANET Byte-oriented, variable-length, datadependent Special bytes (aid to understand frame format below)
    DLE: data link escape SYN SYN DLE STX header body DLE STX/ETX: start and end of transmission
    ETX
    14

    DLE byte in data sent as two DLEs (byte

    Sentinels: IEEE 802.4 (token bus)


    Alternative to Ethernet (802.3) with fairer arbitration End of frame marked by encoding violation, i.e., physical signal not used by valid data symbol Recall Manchester encoding
    low-high means 0, high-low means 1, lowlow and high-high are invalid

    Byte-oriented,variable-length,dataindependent Technique also applicable to bit-oriented

    15

    Length-based Framing
    Include payload length in header e.g., DDCMP (byte-oriented, variablelength) 8 8 8 14 42 e.g. RS-232 (bit-oriented, implicit fixed 16 SYN length) SYN Class Length Header CRC Body

    Problem: count field corrupted

    16

    Clock-based Framing
    Continuous stream of fixed-length frames
    each frame is 125s long (all STS formats) (why?)

    Clocks must remain synchronized e.g., SONET: Synchronous Optical Network


    dominated standard for long distance transmission multiplexing of low-speed links onto one highspeed link byte-interleaved multiplexing

    17

    SONET Frame Format (STS-1)


    Ov erhead Pay load

    9 rows

    90 columns

    18

    Clock-based Framing
    Problem: how to recover frame synchronization
    2-byte synchronization pattern starts each frame (unlikely to occur in data) wait until pattern appears in same place repeatedly

    19

    Clock-based Framing
    Problem: how to maintain clock synchronization
    NRZ encoding, data scrambled (XORd) with 127-bit pattern creates transitions also reduces chance of finding false sync. pattern
    20

    SONET Frame Merging


    STS-1 merged bytewise round-robin into STS-3
    unmerged (single-source) format called STS-3c

    Hdr

    Hdr

    STS -1

    STS-1

    Hdr

    STS -1

    Hdr

    STS -3c

    21

    SONET Frame Merging


    Problem: simultaneous synchronization of many distributed clocks
    not too difficult to synchronize clocks such that first byte of all incoming flows arrives just before sending first 3 bytes of outgoing flow (buffering ? delays ?)
    22

    Clock-based Framing
    Problem: simultaneous synchronization of many distributed clocks Solution: payload frame floats within clock frame, part of overhead specifies first byte of payload 87 col
    Frame 0 9 rows

    Frame 1

    23

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