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JavaScript

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2 views30 pages

JavaScript

Uploaded by

rafitawfiq6
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CSE 391: Programming for the Internet

M. Abdur Rahman

Acknowledgment:
The slides are of ones by Dr. Russell Martin.
http://www.csc.liv.ac.uk/~martin/teaching/CSE391
Never be afraid to try something new. Remember, amateurs built the ark.
Professionals built the Titanic.
-- Not me
Client-Side Programming

• HTML is good for developing static pages


 can specify text/image layout, presentation, links, …
 Web page looks the same each time it is accessed

 in order to develop interactive/reactive pages, must integrate programming in some form or


another

• client-side programming
 programs are written in a separate programming (or scripting) language
e.g., JavaScript, JScript, VBScript
 programs are embedded in the HTML of a Web page, with tags to identify the program
component
e.g., <script type="text/javascript"> … </script>
 the browser executes the program as it loads the page, integrating the dynamic output of the
program with the static content of HTML
 could allow the user to input information and process it, might be used to validate input before
it’s submitted to a remote server
Scripts vs. Programs

• a scripting language is a simple, interpreted programming language


 scripts are embedded as plain text, interpreted by application

 simpler execution model: don't need compiler or development environment


 saves bandwidth: source code is downloaded, not compiled executable
 platform-independence: code interpreted by any script-enabled browser
 but: slower than compiled code, not as powerful/full-featured

JavaScript: the first Web scripting language, developed by Netscape in 1995


syntactic similarities to Java/C++, but simpler, more flexible in some respects,
limited in others
(loose typing, dynamic variables, simple objects)

JScript: Microsoft version of JavaScript, introduced in 1996


same core language, but some browser-specific differences
fortunately, IE, Netscape, and Firefox can (mostly) handle both
JavaScript & JScript

JavaScript 1.5 & JScript 5.0 cores both conform to ECMAScript standard

VBScript: client-side scripting version of Microsoft Visual Basic


Common Scripting Tasks
• adding dynamic features to Web pages
 validation of form data (probably the most commonly used application)
 image rollovers
 time-sensitive or random page elements
 handling cookies

• defining programs with Web interfaces


 utilize buttons, text boxes, clickable images, prompts, etc

• limitations of client-side scripting


 since script code is embedded in the page, it is viewable to the world
 for security reasons, scripts are limited in what they can do
e.g., can't access the client's hard drive
 since they are designed to run on any machine platform, scripts do not contain platform
specific commands
 script languages are not full-featured
e.g., JavaScript objects are very crude, not good for large project development
JavaScript
• JavaScript code can be embedded in a Web page using SCRIPT tags
 the output of JavaScript code is displayed as if directly entered in HTML

<html> document.write displays text in the page


<!–- CSE391 js01.html -->
text to be displayed can include HTML
<head>
<title>JavaScript Page</title> tags
</head>
the tags are interpreted by the browser
<body> when the text is displayed
<script type="text/javascript">
// silly code to demonstrate output

document.write("Hello world!"); as in C++/Java, statements end with ;


but a line break is also interpreted as the end
document.write("<p>How are <br/>" +
"<i>you</i>?</p>");
of a statement
</script>
JavaScript comments similar to C++/Java
<p>Here is some static text as well.
</p> // starts a single line comment
</body>
</html> /*…*/ enclose multi-line comments

view page
JavaScript Data Types & Variables
• JavaScript has only three primitive data types
String : "foo" 'howdy do' "I said 'hi'." ""
Number: 12 3.14159 1.5E6
Boolean : true false *Find info on Null, Undefined

<html> assignments are as in C++/Java


<!–- CSE391 js02.html -->
message = "howdy";
<head> pi = 3.14159;
<title>Data Types and Variables</title>
</head>
variable names are sequences of letters,
<body> digits, and underscores that start with a
<script type="text/javascript"> letter or an underscore
var x, y;
x= 1024;
variables names are case-sensitive
y=x; x = "foobar";
document.write("<p>x = " + y + "</p>");
document.write("<p>x = " + x + "</p>"); you don't have to declare variables, will be
</script> created the first time used, but it’s better if
</body> you use var statements
</html>

var message, pi=3.14159;


view page
variables are loosely typed, can be
assigned different types of values
JavaScript Operators & Control Statements

<html>
standard C++/Java operators &
<!–- CSE391 js03.html --> control statements are provided
<head> in JavaScript
<title>Folding Puzzle</title> • +, -, *, /, %, ++, --, …
</head>
• ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
<body> • &&, ||, !,===,!==
<script type="text/javascript">
distanceToSun = 93.3e6*5280*12; • if-then, if-then-else, switch
thickness = .002;
• while, for, do-while, …
foldCount = 0;
while (thickness < distanceToSun) {
thickness *= 2; PUZZLE: Suppose you took a piece
foldCount++; of paper and folded it in half, then in
}
document.write("Number of folds = " + half again, and so on.
foldCount);
</script>
</body>
How many folds before the thickness
</html> of the paper reaches from the earth to
the sun?
view page
*Find more info on this subject
JavaScript Math Routines
<html> the Math object
<!–- CSE391 js04.html -->
contains functions
<head> and constants
<title>Random Dice Rolls</title>
</head>
Math.sqrt
<body> Math.pow
<div style="text-align:center"> Math.abs
<script type="text/javascript"> Math.max
roll1 = Math.floor(Math.random()*6) + 1; Math.min
roll2 = Math.floor(Math.random()*6) + 1; Math.floor
Math.ceil
document.write("<img src=‘Images/die" +
Math.round
roll1 + ".gif'/>");
document.write("&nbsp;&nbsp;");
document.write("<img src=‘Images/die" + Math.PI
roll2 + ".gif'/>"); Math.E
</script>
</div> Math.random
</body>
</html>
function returns
number in [0..1)

view page
Interactive Pages Using Prompt
crude user interaction can
<html>
<!-- CSE391 js05.html -->
take place using prompt
<head>
<title>Interactive page</title> 1st argument: the prompt
</head> message that appears in the
dialog box
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
userName = prompt("What is your name?", ""); 2nd argument: a default value
that will appear in the box (in
userAge = prompt("Your age?", ""); case the user enters nothing)
userAge = parseFloat(userAge);

document.write("Hello " + userName + ".") the function returns the value


if (userAge < 18) { entered by the user in the
document.write(" Do your parents know " +
"you are online?");
dialog box (a string)
}
else { if value is a number, must use
document.write(" Welcome friend!"); parseFloat to convert
}
</script>
forms will provide a better
<p>The rest of the page...</p>
</body>
view page
interface for interaction
</html>
(later)
User-Defined Functions
• function definitions are similar to C++/Java, except:
 no return type for the function (since variables are loosely typed)
 no variable typing for parameters (since variables are loosely typed)
 by-value parameter passing only (parameter gets copy of argument)

function isPrime(n)
// Assumes: n > 0 can limit variable scope
// Returns: true if n is prime, else false
{
if (n < 2) { if the first use of a variable is preceded
return false; with var, then that variable is local to
} the function
else if (n == 2) {
return true;
} for modularity, should make all
else { variables in a function local
for (var i = 2; i <= Math.sqrt(n); i++) {
if (n % i == 0) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
}
Function Example
<html>
<!–- CSE391 js06.html -->

<head> Function definitions


<title>Prime Tester</title>
(usually) go in the
<script type="text/javascript"> <head> section
function isPrime(n)
// Assumes: n > 0
// Returns: true if n is prime <head> section is
{
// CODE AS SHOWN ON PREVIOUS SLIDE
loaded first, so then
} the function is
</script> defined before code
</head> in the <body> is
<body> executed
<script type="text/javascript">
testNum = parseFloat(prompt("Enter a positive integer", "7"));

if (isPrime(testNum)) {
document.write(testNum + " <b>is</b> a prime number.");
}
else {
document.write(testNum + " <b>is not</b> a prime number.");
}
</script>
</body> view page
</html>
<html>
<!–- CSE391 js07.html --> Another
<head>
<title> Random Dice Rolls Revisited</title> Example
<script type="text/javascript">
function RandomInt(low, high)
// Assumes: low <= high
// Returns: random integer in range [low..high]
{
return Math.floor(Math.random()*(high-low+1)) + low;
recall the dynamic dice
} page
</script>
</head>
could define a function for
<body> generating random
<div align="center">
<script type="text/javascript"> numbers in a range, then
roll1 = RandomInt(1, 6); use whenever needed
roll2 = RandomInt(1, 6);

document.write("<img src=Images/die" +
easier to remember,
roll1 + ".gif'/>"); promotes reuse
document.write("&nbsp;&nbsp;");
document.write("<img src=Images/die" +
roll2 + ".gif'/>");
</script>
</div>
</body> view page
</html>
JavaScript Libraries

• better still: if you define functions that may be useful to many pages, store in a
separate library file and load the library when needed

• the file at CSE391/JS/random.js


contains definitions of the following functions:

RandomNum(low, high) returns random real in range [low..high)


RandomInt(low, high) returns random integer in range [low..high)
RandomChar(string) returns random character from the string
RandomOneOf([item1,…,itemN]) returns random item from list/array

Note: as with external style sheets, do not put <script> tags in the external JavaScript library file

load a library using the SRC attribute in the SCRIPT tag (nothing between the beginning and
ending tag)

<script type="text/javascript"
src="CSE391/JS/random.js">
</script>
Library Example
<html>
<!–- CSE391 js08.html -->
<head>
<title> Random Dice Rolls Revisited</title>
<script type="text/javascript“
src="CSE391/JS/random.js">
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div align="center">
<script type="text/javascript">
roll1 = RandomInt(1, 6);
roll2 = RandomInt(1, 6);

document.write("<img src=CSE391/Images/die" +
roll1 + ".gif'/>");
document.write("&nbsp;&nbsp;");
document.write("<img src=CSE391/Images/die" +
roll2 + ".gif'/>");

</script>
</div>
</body> view page
</html>
JavaScript Strings
• a class defines a new type (formally, Abstract Data Type)
 encapsulates data (properties) and operations on that data (methods)

• a String encapsulates a sequence of characters, enclosed in quotes


properties include
length : stores the number of characters in the string
methods include
charAt(index) : returns the character stored at the given index
(as in C++/Java, indices start at 0)
substring(start, end) : returns the part of the string between the start
(inclusive) and end (exclusive) indices
toUpperCase() : returns copy of string with letters uppercase
toLowerCase() : returns copy of string with letters lowercase

to create a string, assign using new or just make a direct assignment (new is implicit)
word = new String("foo"); word = "foo";

properties/methods are called exactly as in C++/Java


word.length word.charAt(0)
String example: Palindromes
function Strip(str) suppose we want to
// Assumes: str is a string
// Returns: str with all but letters removed test whether a word
{
var copy = ""; or phrase is a
for (var i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
if ((str.charAt(i) >= "A" && str.charAt(i) <= "Z") ||
palindrome
(str.charAt(i) >= "a" && str.charAt(i) <= "z")) {
copy += str.charAt(i);
}
noon Radar
} Madam, I'm Adam.
return copy; A man, a plan, a canal:
} Panama!
function IsPalindrome(str)
// Assumes: str is a string
// Returns: true if str is a palindrome, else false must strip non-letters out of the
{
str = Strip(str.toUpperCase()); word or phrase

for(var i = 0; i < Math.floor(str.length/2); i++) { make all chars uppercase in


if (str.charAt(i) != str.charAt(str.length-i-1)) { order to be case-insensitive
return false;
}
} finally, traverse and compare
return true; chars from each end
}
<html>
<!–- CSE391 js09.html -->

<head>
<title>Palindrome Checker</title>

<script type="text/javascript">
function Strip(str)
{
// CODE AS SHOWN ON PREVIOUS SLIDE
}

function IsPalindrome(str)
{
// CODE AS SHOWN ON PREVIOUS SLIDE
}
</script>
</head>

<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
text = prompt("Enter a word or phrase", "Madam, I'm Adam");

if (IsPalindrome(text)) {
document.write("'" + text + "' <b>is</b> a palindrome.");
}
else {
document.write("'" + text + "' <b>is not</b> a palindrome.");
}
</script>
</body> view page
</html>
JavaScript Arrays
• arrays store a sequence of items, accessible via an index
since JavaScript is loosely typed, elements do not have to be the same type

 to create an array, allocate space using new (or can assign directly)
items = new Array(10); // allocates space for 10 items

items = new Array(); // if no size given, will adjust dynamically

items = [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]; // can assign size & values []

 to access an array element, use [] (as in C++/Java)

for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {


items[i] = 0; // stores 0 at each index

 the length property stores the number of items in the array

for (i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {


document.write(items[i] + "<br>"); // displays elements
}
Array Example
<html> suppose we want to
<!–- CSE391 js10.html -->
<head> simulate die rolls and
<title>Die Statistics</title> verify even distribution
<script type="text/javascript"
src=“CSE391/JS/random.js">
</script> keep an array of counters:
</head>
<body> initialize each count to 0
<script type="text/javascript">
numRolls = 60000;
each time you roll X,
dieSides = 6;
increment rolls[X]
rolls = new Array(dieSides+1);
for (i = 1; i < rolls.length; i++) { display each counter
rolls[i] = 0;
}

for(i = 1; i <= numRolls; i++) {


rolls[RandomInt(1, dieSides)]++;
}

for (i = 1; i < rolls.length; i++) {


document.write("Number of " + i + "'s = " +
rolls[i] + "<br />");
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
view page
Date Class
• String & Array are the most commonly used classes in JavaScript
 other, special purpose classes & objects also exist

• the Date class can be used to access the date and time
 to create a Date object, use new & supply year/month/day/… as desired

today = new Date(); // sets to current date & time

newYear = new Date(2002,0,1); //sets to Jan 1, 2002 12:00AM

 methods include:

newYear.getYear() can access individual components of a date


newYear.getMonth()
newYear.getDay()
newYear.getHours()
newYear.getMinutes()
newYear.getSeconds()
newYear.getMilliseconds()
<html>
Date Example
<!–- CSE391 js11.html -->

<head>
<title>Time page</title>
</head>
by default, a date will be displayed in
<body> full, e.g.,
Time when page was loaded:
<script type="text/javascript"> Sun Feb 03 22:55:20 GMT-0600
now = new Date(); (Central Standard Time) 2002

document.write("<p>" + now + "</p>");

time = "AM"; can pull out portions of the date using


hours = now.getHours();
if (hours > 12) {
the methods and display as desired
hours -= 12;
time = "PM" here, determine if "AM" or "PM" and
} adjust so hour between 1-12
else if (hours == 0) {
hours = 12; 10:55:20 PM
}
document.write("<p>" + hours + ":" +
now.getMinutes() + ":" +
now.getSeconds() + " " +
time + "</p>");
</script>
</body>
</html>
view page
Another Example
<html>
<!–- CSE391 js12.html -->

<head>
<title>Time page</title>
</head>
you can add and subtract Dates:
<body> the result is a number of
This year: milliseconds
<script type="text/javascript">
now = new Date();
newYear = new Date(2008,0,1); here, determine the number of
seconds since New Year's day
secs = Math.round((now-newYear)/1000);

days = Math.floor(secs / 86400); divide into number of days, hours,


secs -= days*86400; minutes and seconds
hours = Math.floor(secs / 3600);
secs -= hours*3600;
minutes = Math.floor(secs / 60);
secs -= minutes*60
possible improvements?
document.write(days + " days, " +
hours + " hours, " +
minutes + " minutes, and " +
secs + " seconds.");
</script>
</body>
</html>
view page
document Object
Both IE and Netscape allow you to access information about an HTML document
using the document object (Note: not a class!)
<html>
<!–- CSE391 js13.html -->
document.write(…)
<head>
<title>Documentation page</title>
method that displays text in
</head>
the page
<body>
<table width="100%">
<tr>
document.URL
<td><small><i> property that gives the
<script type="text/javascript"> location of the HTML
document.write(document.URL); document
</script>
</i></small></td>
<td style=“text-align: right;"><small><i> document.lastModified
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write(document.lastModified); property that gives the date &
</script> time the HTML document was
</i></small></td> last changed
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html> view page
navigator Object
<html>
navigator.appName <!–- CSE391 js14.html -->

property that gives the browser <head>


name <title>Dynamic Style Page</title>

navigator.appVersion <script type="text/javascript">


if (navigator.appName == "Netscape") {
property that gives the browser document.write('<link rel=stylesheet '+
version 'type="text/css" href="Netscape.css">');
}
else {
<!-- MSIE.css --> document.write('<link rel=stylesheet ' +
'type="text/css" href="MSIE.css">');
a {text-decoration:none; }
font-size:larger; </script>
color:red; </head>
font-family:Arial}
a:hover {color:blue} <body>
Here is some text with a
<!-- Netscape.css --> <a href="javascript:alert('GO AWAY')">link</a>.
</body>
a {font-family:Arial; </html>
color:white;
background-color:red}
view page
User-Defined Classes
• can define new classes, but the notation can be somewhat awkward
 simply define a function that serves as a constructor
 specify data fields & methods using this

 no data hiding: can't protect data or methods

// CSE391 Die.js //
// Die class definition define Die function (i.e.,
//////////////////////////////////////////// constructor)
function Die(sides)
initialize data fields in the
{
this.numSides = sides; function, preceded with this
this.numRolls = 0;
this.Roll = Roll; // define a pointer to a function similarly, assign method to
}
separately defined function
function Roll() (which uses this to access
{ data)
this.numRolls++;
return Math.floor(Math.random()*this.numSides) + 1;
}
<html>
<!–- CSE391 js15.html -->
Class Example
<head>
<title>Dice page</title>

<script type="text/javascript" create a Die object using new


src="Die.js"> (similar to String and Array)
</script>
</head>
here, the argument to Die
<body> initializes numSides for that
<script type="text/javascript"> particular object
die6 = new Die(6);
die8 = new Die(8);
each Die object has its own
roll6 = -1; // dummy value to start loop properties (numSides &
roll8 = -2; // dummy value to start loop
while (roll6 != roll8) {
numRolls)
roll6 = die6.Roll();
roll8 = die8.Roll(); Roll(), when called on a
particular Die, accesses its
document.write("6-sided: " + roll6 +
"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;" + numSides property and
"8-sided: " + roll8 + "<br />"); updates its NumRolls
}

document.write("<br />Number of rolls: " +


die6.numRolls);
</script>
</body>
</html> view page
JavaScript and HTML validators
•In order to use an HTML validator, and not get error messages from the
JavaScript portions, you must “mark” the JavaScipt sections in a particular
manner. Otherwise the validator will try to interpret the script as HTML code.

•To do this, you can use a markup like the following in your inline code (this
isn’t necessary for scripts stored in external files).

<script type=“text/javascript”>
// <![CDATA[

document.write(“<p>The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs.</p>”);


// **more code here, etc.

// ]]>
</script>
•Since the (new) XHTML standard is written as an XML application,
validators such as the one from the W3C are actually attempting to check
an XML document for the correct structure.

•The two tags <![CDATA[ and ]]> together form an XML directive,
meaning to interpret the data between them as literal (non-parsed)
“character data”. An XML validator will effectively ignore the data
between these two tags, meaning that any symbols that would result in
an invalid document structure are ignored and do not result in an error
message from the validator.

•Because we are using these tags inside of a JavaScript block, and they
are not JavaScript commands, we precede each of them with a
(JavaScript) comment marker, hence the two forward slashes before
each tag.
More to come…

• Accessing elements on the page using JavaScript functions


• JavaScript and forms
• Events, capturing user input
• The Document Object Model, and manipulating the webpage

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