(8)) Culbertson, in her article, "
Ecotage," was also determined to expose polluters.
What has been described as ecoterrorism or
ecotage, for example, includes acts that are sometimes committed by environmental activists involved in specific campaigns (e.g., tree spiking, or damaging earthmoving equipment), and that may in themselves be legally defined as criminal (Martin, 1990; Amster, 2006; Brisman, 2008).
An aspiring ecovigilante herself, Alice is surprised to find out that she is not the only student at her school interested in
ecotage, or environmentally minded sabotage.
Reframing
Ecotage as Ecoterrorism: News and the Discourse of Fear.
The media coined the phrase "eco-terrorism," but some activists prefer "
ecotage" (a variation on sabotage) or "direct action." Activists' backgrounds and beliefs vary.
to take environmental matters into their own hands, a sporadic guerrilla war of "
ecotage" has targeted mining, logging, and electric power companies in the Western states.
Instead of machine breaking we have "
ecotage," violent attempts to prevent acts alleged to be environmentally damaging.
Possibly, RICO may affect the organization of skinheads, the White Aryan Resistance (WAR), whose gatherings have resulted in raciallymotivated beatings and murders.(278) Seemingly less violent groups, such as environmental activist organizations like Greenpeace, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, and Earth First!, may also fall within the ambit of RICO;(279) these groups have been known to engage in violent acts termed ecoterrorism or
ecotage.(280)
activists into committing
ecotage, they repeatedly refused until
an ethic of "Deep Ecology" justifies "using all the tools in the tool box--ranging from grassroots organizing [to] monkey wrenching [which includes]
ecotage, ecodefense, billboard bandits, desurveying, road reclamation, tree spiking."
For the novitiate, monkey wrenching, also known as
ecotage or ecodefense, is the deliberate sabotage of any facet of industrialization that threatens the earth.)