exine

According to Halbritter & Till (1998), the pollen of the "core" Wittrockia is diporate with small porous and reticulate exines, are remarkable in that the lumina are filled in part with a very persistent kind of pollen kit in W.

Tricolpate pollen with reticulate exines occurs in Saxifraga, section

pores, thick exines, and coarse reticulate ornamentation.

Skvarla and Larson (1966: 1123) referred in their definition to the parallelisms with the exine: "Ubisch bodies are small bodies of sporopollenin resembling the form of pollen exines of the species in which they occur."

The rice RAFTIN genes are homologs of the wheat RAFTIN1 gene located at orbicules and exines, and supposed to have a guiding role in the proper fixation of sporopollenin polymers in the exine (Wang et al., 2003).

Identification of ionene and other carotenoid degradation products from the pyrolysis of sporopollenins derived from some pollen exines, a spore coal and the green river shale.

Saccate pollen involves an enlargement and alveolation of the exine of some complexity and diversity (e.g.

to be correlated with differences in exine thickness (Ochoterena, 2000);

It also produces exine precursors, orbicules, and sporophytic recognition proteins and lipids which form the pollen coat (or pollenkitt or tryphine) (Echlin, 1971; Pacini et al., 1985).