It hosts a number of highly adapted herbivores, most famously the larvae of the monarch butterflies but also four other aposematic butterflies, several Lygaeid bugs, pyrgomorphid grasshoppers and beetles, and one aphid.
In six species (the pyrrhocorid bug Dysdercus mimulus, the lygaeid bug Ozophora pallescens, the largid bug Largus sp., the pentatomid bug Mormidea sp., the philopotamid caddisfly Chimarra sp., and the rhipipterygid orthopteran Rhipipteryx biolleyi), females performed behavior during copulation that clearly met the criteria for courtship behavior (prolonged body shaking, rubbing or tapping the male with her hind legs, or persistent, rhythmic swinging of her body).
Henry (lygaeids, pyrrhocorids, reduviids, saldids); H.
I also observed lygaeid bugs feeding on fig seeds below fruiting figs, and they appear to be another potential source of mortality whose level of importance in Borneo is not yet clear.
Predominance of hemipterans, mainly lygaeids, during these months might not have been detected by previous dietary studies on either species because they were conducted only during early to mid-summer.
For example, 1992 was the first year in which large numbers of Coleoptera (e.g., Ophryastes curculionids) and Hemiptera (e.g., Nysius lygaeids) appeared.