dhimmi

Again, dhimma refers to a person who has entered into an al-'ahdu or covenant with Muslims.

Moreover, Islam uses the term Dhimma, referring to non-Muslim citizens residing within the state's border as opposed to crude term minority.

The thematic chapters include shaded boxes of text providing definitions of terms and concepts, such as "dhimma," which may be skipped over by more informed readers.

The Christian citizens of the now-lost great empire became ahl al-dhimma--"the people of dhimma," within the realm of the new and immensely powerful Ottoman Empire.

(7.) As I discuss elsewhere, "People of the Book" had a special legal status in various Islamic empires under the pact of dhimma, which obliged the state to protect their life, property, and right to worship in exchange for pledging loyalty to the sovereign and paying a special poll tax (see Mahmood, 2015).

An Islamic state's ruler or his authorized person or department can extend its protection to a non-Muslim state or a person after negotiating a treaty of protection or dhimma with the entity in question.

This so-called millet system, linked in to the classical concept of the dhimma, has been reflected in the modern era in a settlement in which voting and political representation are allotted on a religious basis.

Certain militant Islamic groups, however, advocate for the reimposition of the Jizya (10) and the dhimma regulations (Franke 2004, 451-452).

One should also note that the dhimma rules were practiced at different levels in different times and places.

De acordo com essa nocao e que judeus, cristaos e sabeus foram considerados pelos conquistadores muculmanos como membros de uma comunidade protegida, a dhimma. Mediante o pagamento da jizya, um imposto cobrado por pessoa em sinal de reconhecimento da primazia do Isla e uma especie de resgate militar (ja que a participacao nas atividades belicas encontrava-se legalmente restrita aos muculmanos), os dhimmis podiam continuar a professar sua religiao e tambem participar da maior parte dos espacos da nova sociedade ordenada pelo governo islamico 7.

The ultimatum cited a historic contract known as 'dhimma,' under which non-Muslims in Islamic societies who refuse to convert are offered protection if they pay a fee, called a 'jizya', the BBC reported.