Books by Johan R Edelheim
Matkailututkimus – mitkä ovat sen keskeiset käsitteet ja millaisiin tutkimusperinteisiin ne pohja... more Matkailututkimus – mitkä ovat sen keskeiset käsitteet ja millaisiin tutkimusperinteisiin ne pohjautuvat? Millaista uutta tutkimusta tarvitaan? Matkailututkimuksen avainkäsitteet luo kehykset ja perustan matkailun moni- ja poikkitieteiselle tutkimukselle. Se rakentaa eri aloilta tuleville tutkijoille yhteisen käsitteistön ja auttaa näin ymmärtämään matkailua monimuotoisena paikallisena ja globaalina voimana. Vasta yhteisen ymmärryksen pohjalta matkailututkimus voi vakiintua varteenotettavaksi tieteenalaksi. Yhtä laajaa suomenkielistä teosta ei matkailututkimuksesta ole aikaisemmin julkaistu. Tämän laajasti vertaisarvioidun kirjan kirjoittajina on 42 asiantuntijaa yliopistoista, ammattikorkeakouluista ja tutkimuslaitoksista eri puolilta Suomea.acceptedVersio
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Tourist attractions constitute the metaphorical ‘heart’ of tourism. This book aims to both decons... more Tourist attractions constitute the metaphorical ‘heart’ of tourism. This book aims to both deconstruct and construct what tourist attractions are, how we perceive them and how we can enhance our understanding of what attracts us as tourists. The volume reaches beyond current ideas about the ways tourist attractions are created, shaped and packaged. It focuses on the importance and subjective nature of identity, memory, narrative and performance in the tourist experience to find new ways of analysing and managing tourist attractions. The book will appeal to researchers and students in tourism and destination management and heritage and indigenous tourism.
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In Tourism Studies, tourist attractions are generally regarded as fixed objects, and analysed in ... more In Tourism Studies, tourist attractions are generally regarded as fixed objects, and analysed in terms of their design, structure and place in the local tourism industry. This thesis will challenge this assumption by arguing that tourist attractions should not be seen as reified things, but as sites for fluid and subjective tourist experiences, an insight that cannot be accommodated in the positivist and managerial methods that dominate current research.
This project develops two new approaches, in line with the ethos and methodologies of Cultural Studies, which aim to reveal the complex nature of the tourist experience of particular sites. These approaches are: linguistic-hermeneutic phenomenology and post-structural narrative analysis. The findings propose two things: firstly, that every tourist is a phenomenologist, who is attempting to understand the meaning of a particular attraction. However, as tourists are locked into their own experience, they can never know the site as an objective and stable entity. Secondly, every tourist experience is a new narrative into which the tourist combines the different texts that surround a site, thus creating an idiosyncratic understanding of an attraction. In the end, there can never be a definitive account of attractions because countless texts emerge about every site.
The case studies investigated present two distinctly different tourist attractions situated in the northern part of New South Wales, Australia; Captain Thunderbolt was a bushranger – a criminal active in the 1800s – and the stories surrounding his life and death are the main attraction of a small town called Uralla. The Big Banana is a giant fruit sculpture which—with the associated tourist park— has come to signify Coffs Harbour, the town where it is situated.
Conceptualising tourist attractions as objects assumes that tourists can overcome the particular physical and textual context which defines their experience of a site, and come to know the attraction in itself. Yet such an impersonal experience is impossible for the tourist, and encourages simple understandings of sites that conform to only selected, and often hegemonic, accounts of history and national culture. Rather, by experiencing attractions as polysemic texts, alternative understandings become available that can act as counter-hegemonic critiques of the status quo.
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Papers by Johan R Edelheim
Tourism Culture & Communication, 2023
There is confusion between the use of ‘ethnic minority tourism’ and ‘indigenous tourism’ as conce... more There is confusion between the use of ‘ethnic minority tourism’ and ‘indigenous tourism’ as concepts, both in practice as well as in tourism research. Since different tourism types occurs in different communities in different geo-historical contexts, these two tourism concepts should be understood to be situated in a particular context. In order to enhance peoples’ epistemological understanding of the two kinds of tourism phenomenon, this paper aims to critically distinguish the concept of ‘ethnic minority tourism’ and ‘indigenous tourism’ by highlighting commonalities and differences. The paradigm of critical realism, and a critical literature review method, are applied in this paper. Commonly abstracted as types of ‘ethnic tourism’, both ‘ethnic minority tourism’ and ‘indigenous tourism’ can be understood as a form of inter-ethnic interaction, a way of reconciliation and a model of community-based tourism that should emphasise local peoples’ indigeneity in tourism. Meanwhile, diff...
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Tourism Geographies, 2020
Values and axiology are necessary components for successful and meaningful tourism education and ... more Values and axiology are necessary components for successful and meaningful tourism education and research. They especially need to be revisited in considering the future of higher education in a COVID-19 world. If transformation means to bring about a substantial change in a positive direction, then the COVID-19 pandemic might be a blessing in disguise for tourism higher education, as a substantial change has been due for quite some time. The transformative powers that education offers are seen in the
individual through the internal and external transformations of learners. Higher education holds the promise of transforming society, but it is widely criticized for being too enmeshed in neoliberal values, which weakens it ability to productively equip students with capacities to transform the society they are entering. Education, both generally and more specifically tied to tourism higher education, requires a stronger awareness of lived values and aspirational values to transform the how education is carried
out. These include, for example, an emphasis on wellbeing indicators over revenue and tourist arrival numbers. All humans act and plan for their futures according to their lived values, but such values are hardly ever overtly acknowledged in research or in daily parlance. The COVID-19 pandemic is stirring up a new search for these lived values in a context where past formulas are failing on a global scale.
摘要
价为为和价为为是成功且有意为的旅游教育和研究的必要为成部分。在考为新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情背景下高等教育的 未来为, 尤其需要重新为为为些为为。如果为型意味着在一个为极的方向上为来为为性的为化, 那么新冠(COVID-19)疫情大流行可能是 旅游高等教育的福音, 因为为为性的为化已为出为了相当为的一段为为。教育所提供的为革力量是通为学为者内在和外在的为为在其身上 看到的。高等教育有着改造社会的希望, 但它被广泛批为为为于沉浸在新自由主为价为为中, 而新自由主为价为为削弱了学生有效地 具为改造他为正在为入的社会的能力。教育, 无为是一般的为是更具体地与旅游高等教育为系在一起, 都需要为生活价为为和理想价 为为有更为烈的为为, 以改为教育的为施方式。例如, 为些措施包括为为幸福指数, 而非收入和游客抵达人数。所有的人为都根据他为的 生活价为为采取行为并为划他为的未来, 但为些价为为在研究或日常用为中几乎从未得到公开承为。当为去的方法在全球范为内逐为失 去影响力的背景下, 新冠(COVID-19)疫情流行病引为了人为为为些生存价为的新探索。
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Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 2020
Work integrated learning (WIL), in its various forms, continues to be a central element of univer... more Work integrated learning (WIL), in its various forms, continues to be a central element of university tourism programs. Internships, the most common form of WIL, provide opportunities for both personal and professional development. This article presents findings of a content analysis of WIL programs in Australian tourism, hospitality and events (TH&E) undergraduate degrees. Publicly available unit/subject guides were gathered through an internet-based review. This analysis of secondary data identified that the majority of WIL curricula in the Australian university TH&E programs focus on career development, followed by academic achievement and thirdly, personal development. It is argued that the opportunity to facilitate students’ personal growth and the achievement of advanced learning outcomes through WIL is not being fully realized. Through the lens of ‘self-authorship’, meaning in this case, the student’s use of their internal voice to guide their beliefs, identity and relationships, this paper explores the opportunities for WIL programs to be (re)designed to meet industry needs while also facilitating the individual, personal development of future tourism, hospitality and events leaders.
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Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 2017
Conferences are funny events. They are self-evident elements of our lives as academics: meetings ... more Conferences are funny events. They are self-evident elements of our lives as academics: meetings that occur, often annually; take place in various locations; and involve (hopefully) like-minded people, aiming to share their latest research findings. Conferences are actually so self-evident that very little research exists analysing what takes place at conferences, why people attend them in the first place, and essentially what the conference does to delegates as participants. This article is, on one hand, a reflective report from an academic conference: TEFI 9—Celebrating the Disruptive Power of Caring in Tourism Education. But it is also simultaneously an analysis of the implicit and explicit rationale and return on investment for attending academic conferences, in the words of three, at that time, PhD candidate rapporteurs and one professor rapporteur, who acts as this article’s narrator.
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Tourism Management, 2013
Abstract Chinese calligraphy is a Chinese traditional cultural symbol, acting as an art form unif... more Abstract Chinese calligraphy is a Chinese traditional cultural symbol, acting as an art form unifying literature, history, and painting. Calligraphic landscapes are common attractions in China's tourism destinations. The purpose of this study was to explore how tourists' attitudes towards calligraphy impact perceptions of authenticity. This paper further develops Kolar and Zabkar's (2010) model by adding attitude variable which differs from motivation into the model, and amending the relationship between various variables in the structural model. A confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling were performed using LISREL 8.51. This research concludes that public ignorance of traditional culture affects perceptions of authenticity and leads tourists to attribute importance to the aesthetics and form of the objective material, rather than to focus on the inner experience found in the traditional Chinese calligraphic arts. Thus tourists remain stuck in the shallow level of heritage and cultural tourism experiences. The managerial and marketing implications of authenticity within this and other contexts are then discussed.
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Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 2015
Surrounded by the rolling hills and agricultural land of Southwestern Ontario, Canada, the Univer... more Surrounded by the rolling hills and agricultural land of Southwestern Ontario, Canada, the University of Guelph was the location for the eighth annual Tourism Education Futures Initiative (TEFI) conference. The School of Hospitality, Food & Tourism Management (HFTM), home of Canada’s first hospitality and tourism degree program, hosted the TEFI8 conference. HFTM’s long-established tradition of offering applied, experiential, and flexible learning opportunities aimed at transforming students into mindful professionals made it an ideal venue for the 2014 theme, Transformational Learning: Activism, Empowerment, and Political Agency in Tourism Education. Lush green lawns, blooming flowers, and excellent weather provided perfect conditions for two and a half days of fertile discussion. Fifty-seven delegates representing 23 educational institutions and non-profit organizations from 11 countries interacted and shared their passion for transformational learning. The conference commenced with a welcome BBQ dinner at the Fireplace Lounge where many hugs were shared, and laughter could be heard as friends from all over the world reunited, new friendships began to form, and delegates anticipated the lively discourse that would begin the following day. During the opening session on Day One, TEFI8 Co-Chair Marion Joppe introduced Brenda Whiteside, University of Guelph’s Associate Vice-President of Student Affairs, who brought greetings from the university’s President. Brenda emphasized that it is imperative for educators to encourage young Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 15:294–299, 2015 Copyright © Taylor & Francis ISSN: 1531-3220 print/1531-3239 online DOI: 10.1080/15313220.2015.1066158
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Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice, 2012
This paper builds on some ideas recently presented by Boyd et al. (2010). In that paper, the focu... more This paper builds on some ideas recently presented by Boyd et al. (2010). In that paper, the focus was on the ways in which experienced academic staff articulate the teaching-research nexus. By presenting six short case accounts, this paper describes how a reflective narrative activity enabled some ‘new to academe’ teachers to identify the teaching research nexus in their own work. For each of them, there was some particular reason or stimulus that led to them articulating the teaching-learning nexus in their work. Given the effectiveness of this method for enabling staff to consider the teaching-research nexus, this paper speculates on ways of drawing all academic staff to encounter the ‘concept’ of the teachingresearch nexus.
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Human Systems Management, 2020
BACKGROUND:Previous research has shown different ways how managers can influence job satisfaction... more BACKGROUND:Previous research has shown different ways how managers can influence job satisfaction of employees, mostly in form of external factors. We found that there is little research regarding organizational values and their influence on job satisfaction of employees. OBJECTIVE:The objective of this research was therefore to identify if there is a statistically significant influence on job satisfaction from organizational values. METHODS:The article is based on a quantitative approach where we have performed a survey among employees in a selected sector. In the questionnaire we asked respondents to evaluate what kind of organizational values the organization they work for does promote, later we asked respondents to evaluate what influences their job satisfaction, and in the final part we have collected demographical data. RESULTS:The results show a weak, but still detectable, positive correlation between organizational values and job satisfaction of employees with regard to work itself. Additionally, we have found a positive correlation between organizational value innovation and satisfaction with working conditions. CONCLUSIONS:There is an influence of organizational values on job satisfaction of employees with regard to job satisfaction with work itself. This indicated that employees feel the influence of promoted organizational values and that it does influence their job satisfaction.
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Islands have long acted as projection surfaces of ever-changing desires. Tourism organisations ha... more Islands have long acted as projection surfaces of ever-changing desires. Tourism organisations have drawn most vigorously upon the paradise metaphor in an attempt to position modern island holidays at the forefront of our minds – regardless of an island’s location. Tracing the most recent history of our island-longing and illuminating the use of the island metaphor by tourist organisations is the aim of this article. A short account of the history of tourism in Greece (especially the Cycladic Islands) provides the backdrop to an in-depth picture and text analysis of nine official English and German tourist guides to the Cyclades, as well as the English-speaking version of the official Cyclades website. Images and text are coded according to pre- determined themes and contrasted with each other. Investigating islands from the perspective of tourists and tourist organisations, it becomes apparent that the official brochures draw on established island tropes and stereotypical island imagery as a means to attract travellers, and thus follow a long-established pattern of what Western culture considers unique for island locations. Dissonances, however, are emerging as our longing for island locations is contradicted by our need for ease and speed of access, thus negating the sought-after quintessential ‘islandness’.
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Journal of Vacation Marketing, Jan 1, 2007
It is self-evident that tourist brochures are selling a positive and attractive destination to tr... more It is self-evident that tourist brochures are selling a positive and attractive destination to travellers; what is not as clear are the hidden messages conveyed by the selection of certain pictures in the brochures produced. By coding each picture appearing in a series of tourist brochures according to their content this research aims at showing how the brochures are overtly aimed at different groups of travellers, while they simultaneously are
reinforcing certain hegemonic views of society.
The suggestion that hegemonic messages appear is not an accusation against the producers of the brochures of covert propaganda, but rather that taken-for-granted views of society as unproblematic truths portrayed in the brochures is not correct – the brochures should rather be viewed as highly sensitive polysemic constructs.
KEYWORDS: content analysis, polysemy, semiotics, tourist brochures
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Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 2011
This article aims to clarify the term “award-winning restaurants,” by conducting a literature rev... more This article aims to clarify the term “award-winning restaurants,” by conducting a literature review focussed on answering six broad questions. The questions posed relate to what awards are; who are judged; who decides on awards; what are being judged; why do awards exist; and what awards are available? The paper is compiled with a set of definitions and categories to illuminate, in comparable terms, what is required of a restaurant to become award-winning. This paper has no empirical component; it creates a foundation ...
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Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, Aug 28, 2014
In recent years, it has become increasingly obvious that tourism education needs serious rethinki... more In recent years, it has become increasingly obvious that tourism education needs serious rethinking. Surging growth in tourism arrivals and receipts, going strong since the middle
of the twentieth century, spurred a proliferation of tourism programs in higher education to meet the demands of the burgeoning industry. As more complex understandings about
tourism began to emerge, however, it became clear that equating the industrialization and growth of tourism with social and economic progress was far too simplistic – indeed,
increases in visitation and receipts do not always reap positive benefits. Simultaneously, rapid socio-cultural and economic changes are afoot, which are rendering the future increasingly uncertain. The jobs of today are markedly different from those of yesterday, and it seems certain that those of tomorrow will be different still. Students entering the tourism sector, with its high levels of volatility and rapid globalization, are going to need different skills and understandings in order to achieve meaningful and successful professional lives. It was in recognition of this landscape of change, and the demand it
drives to rethink tourism education, that the Tourism Education Futures Initiative (TEFI) was born:
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Annals of Leisure Research, Jan 1, 2011
Tourism media research is focusing on the nexus where two areas meet; either where tourism is imp... more Tourism media research is focusing on the nexus where two areas meet; either where tourism is impacted upon by media, or where the media is affected by tourism practices and industries. This paper will primarily be situated in the first of these categories by examining travelogues in women's magazines, in this case Marie Claire, and ask what influences the content of these can have on the consumers of the media. It could be argued that travelogues in actual fact would be part of the second category – simply subjective descriptions of actual tourist experiences. This paper will, however, suggest that the influence is to some degree mutual, and whereas the portrayals in travelogues do inform us about some experiences, they might simultaneously form a social tableau that readers are unconsciously emulating in their own behaviour. The extrinsic and intrinsic messages incorporated in travelogues will be examined here using qualitative content analysis and discourse analysis. The discussion of tourism and media influence will be related to debates regarding myths surrounding national identity construction, alcohol consumption, and Australianness. This paper rejects some of those constructs and raises further questions about the role media plays in naturalizing the link between alcohol and leisure, and about how Australian women might be shaping their beliefs, their identities, and their behaviour based on the media messages they are consuming.
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Annals of Tourism and Hospitality Education, 2021
We can all imagine what would have happened if managers at the educational institution we work at... more We can all imagine what would have happened if managers at the educational institution we work at, would have told us in January of 2020 that all of our teaching would have to be done virtually for the remainder of the year. There would have been a major uproar amongst the vast majority involved in direct teaching; Protests, condemnations, reports on how it is not as efficient as in-person education, and maybe even strikes. But then COVID-19 became part of our vocabulary, and we started living in a world that dramatically changed our realities in terms of mobility, social distancing, personal hygiene, and freedoms that we had taken for granted. Now, writing this educational report, more than half a year after the first lockdowns took place, virtual meetings, teaching, learning, and conference attendances are already self-evident for us all. Human beings are surprisingly flexible, we adapt to new realities if we have to. Education in a virtual environment can naturally be an extension of a physical classroom, but we should not stop there, because if we do, then we do not take advantage of the opportunities that open up to us with this new reality. If we simplistically imagine that teaching means the transmission of information to others, then we are set on a very dangerous path in a virtual education environment. The reason for that is that learning does not simply mean to listen to somebody droning on about a topic, learning is by essence an active pursuit. Learning is cognitive, but it is also affective and emotional, and most of all, it is interconnected.
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Laboratorium för folk och kultur, 16(1), pp. 21-24.
Kulturturism är ett populärt begrepp som ofta nämns när man funderar på möjligheter för regionala... more Kulturturism är ett populärt begrepp som ofta nämns när man funderar på möjligheter för regionala områden att hävda sig som turistattraktioner. För att kunna använda oss av det här begreppet bör vi ändå klargöra för oss vad vi verkligen menar med det. Ord och hela meningar får snabbt en viss innebörd i dagligt tal – det är en naturlig del av kommunikationen – men när vissa av de här ”tankeenheterna” tillskrivs en bestämd mening är det ofta svårt att förändra den innebörden utan att man går till botten med de enskilda ordens betydelse – och vad den betydelsen har för inverkan på människors praktiska beteende. Den här artikeln kommer att beskriva vad kulturturism kan ha för olika betydelser när det finska Lappland tas som ett praktiskt exempel. Jag definierar ordet kultur med stöd av Jenks idéer för att visa de olika innebörderna som ordet omfattar. Mitt mål med den här artikeln är att belysa de möjliga problemen förknippade med att kalla vad som helst kulturturism, men jag kommer inte för den skull att föreslå nya begrepp som borde användas istället. Jag vill istället poängtera vikten av att beakta de många betydelserna hos ett ord och därigenom ge idéer om olika typer av turistaktivitet som praktiskt kan utvecklas i olika sammanhang – utan att för dess skull vara ”fångad” av begreppet kulturturism.
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Matkailututkimus, 2013
Neil Leiper developed throughout the end of the last millennium an overarching theory – The Whole... more Neil Leiper developed throughout the end of the last millennium an overarching theory – The Whole Tourism System (WTS) – to describe the complexity of tourism for decision makers to use, and for academics to contemplate and apply. Leiper’s intention was to show how tourism can be understood as an interconnected system, rather than non-related components that are managed separately. WTS is still today one of the best recognised systemic attempts to describe the components included in tourism, without being overly complex. The Finnish Journal of Tourism Research (FJTR) publishes academic articles in Finnish, Swedish, and English offering an opportunity to reach a Finnish tourism research audience in their mother tongue. This theoretical article aims at supporting future tourism research by presenting the WTS to a wider Finnish audience, and conducting a content analysis of the 13 FJTR editions published so far. The article organises the FJTR content according to the components of WTS to see how well the theory incorporates the ’whole’ of tourism and which components Finnish tourism research so far has emphasised. Furthermore, the article points out potential gaps in the research. Findings portray a major focus of research aimed at destinations and tourists, and to some extent on tourism industries, thus almost totally neglecting research about generating regions and transit routes.
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Books by Johan R Edelheim
This project develops two new approaches, in line with the ethos and methodologies of Cultural Studies, which aim to reveal the complex nature of the tourist experience of particular sites. These approaches are: linguistic-hermeneutic phenomenology and post-structural narrative analysis. The findings propose two things: firstly, that every tourist is a phenomenologist, who is attempting to understand the meaning of a particular attraction. However, as tourists are locked into their own experience, they can never know the site as an objective and stable entity. Secondly, every tourist experience is a new narrative into which the tourist combines the different texts that surround a site, thus creating an idiosyncratic understanding of an attraction. In the end, there can never be a definitive account of attractions because countless texts emerge about every site.
The case studies investigated present two distinctly different tourist attractions situated in the northern part of New South Wales, Australia; Captain Thunderbolt was a bushranger – a criminal active in the 1800s – and the stories surrounding his life and death are the main attraction of a small town called Uralla. The Big Banana is a giant fruit sculpture which—with the associated tourist park— has come to signify Coffs Harbour, the town where it is situated.
Conceptualising tourist attractions as objects assumes that tourists can overcome the particular physical and textual context which defines their experience of a site, and come to know the attraction in itself. Yet such an impersonal experience is impossible for the tourist, and encourages simple understandings of sites that conform to only selected, and often hegemonic, accounts of history and national culture. Rather, by experiencing attractions as polysemic texts, alternative understandings become available that can act as counter-hegemonic critiques of the status quo.
Papers by Johan R Edelheim
individual through the internal and external transformations of learners. Higher education holds the promise of transforming society, but it is widely criticized for being too enmeshed in neoliberal values, which weakens it ability to productively equip students with capacities to transform the society they are entering. Education, both generally and more specifically tied to tourism higher education, requires a stronger awareness of lived values and aspirational values to transform the how education is carried
out. These include, for example, an emphasis on wellbeing indicators over revenue and tourist arrival numbers. All humans act and plan for their futures according to their lived values, but such values are hardly ever overtly acknowledged in research or in daily parlance. The COVID-19 pandemic is stirring up a new search for these lived values in a context where past formulas are failing on a global scale.
摘要
价为为和价为为是成功且有意为的旅游教育和研究的必要为成部分。在考为新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情背景下高等教育的 未来为, 尤其需要重新为为为些为为。如果为型意味着在一个为极的方向上为来为为性的为化, 那么新冠(COVID-19)疫情大流行可能是 旅游高等教育的福音, 因为为为性的为化已为出为了相当为的一段为为。教育所提供的为革力量是通为学为者内在和外在的为为在其身上 看到的。高等教育有着改造社会的希望, 但它被广泛批为为为于沉浸在新自由主为价为为中, 而新自由主为价为为削弱了学生有效地 具为改造他为正在为入的社会的能力。教育, 无为是一般的为是更具体地与旅游高等教育为系在一起, 都需要为生活价为为和理想价 为为有更为烈的为为, 以改为教育的为施方式。例如, 为些措施包括为为幸福指数, 而非收入和游客抵达人数。所有的人为都根据他为的 生活价为为采取行为并为划他为的未来, 但为些价为为在研究或日常用为中几乎从未得到公开承为。当为去的方法在全球范为内逐为失 去影响力的背景下, 新冠(COVID-19)疫情流行病引为了人为为为些生存价为的新探索。
reinforcing certain hegemonic views of society.
The suggestion that hegemonic messages appear is not an accusation against the producers of the brochures of covert propaganda, but rather that taken-for-granted views of society as unproblematic truths portrayed in the brochures is not correct – the brochures should rather be viewed as highly sensitive polysemic constructs.
KEYWORDS: content analysis, polysemy, semiotics, tourist brochures
of the twentieth century, spurred a proliferation of tourism programs in higher education to meet the demands of the burgeoning industry. As more complex understandings about
tourism began to emerge, however, it became clear that equating the industrialization and growth of tourism with social and economic progress was far too simplistic – indeed,
increases in visitation and receipts do not always reap positive benefits. Simultaneously, rapid socio-cultural and economic changes are afoot, which are rendering the future increasingly uncertain. The jobs of today are markedly different from those of yesterday, and it seems certain that those of tomorrow will be different still. Students entering the tourism sector, with its high levels of volatility and rapid globalization, are going to need different skills and understandings in order to achieve meaningful and successful professional lives. It was in recognition of this landscape of change, and the demand it
drives to rethink tourism education, that the Tourism Education Futures Initiative (TEFI) was born:
This project develops two new approaches, in line with the ethos and methodologies of Cultural Studies, which aim to reveal the complex nature of the tourist experience of particular sites. These approaches are: linguistic-hermeneutic phenomenology and post-structural narrative analysis. The findings propose two things: firstly, that every tourist is a phenomenologist, who is attempting to understand the meaning of a particular attraction. However, as tourists are locked into their own experience, they can never know the site as an objective and stable entity. Secondly, every tourist experience is a new narrative into which the tourist combines the different texts that surround a site, thus creating an idiosyncratic understanding of an attraction. In the end, there can never be a definitive account of attractions because countless texts emerge about every site.
The case studies investigated present two distinctly different tourist attractions situated in the northern part of New South Wales, Australia; Captain Thunderbolt was a bushranger – a criminal active in the 1800s – and the stories surrounding his life and death are the main attraction of a small town called Uralla. The Big Banana is a giant fruit sculpture which—with the associated tourist park— has come to signify Coffs Harbour, the town where it is situated.
Conceptualising tourist attractions as objects assumes that tourists can overcome the particular physical and textual context which defines their experience of a site, and come to know the attraction in itself. Yet such an impersonal experience is impossible for the tourist, and encourages simple understandings of sites that conform to only selected, and often hegemonic, accounts of history and national culture. Rather, by experiencing attractions as polysemic texts, alternative understandings become available that can act as counter-hegemonic critiques of the status quo.
individual through the internal and external transformations of learners. Higher education holds the promise of transforming society, but it is widely criticized for being too enmeshed in neoliberal values, which weakens it ability to productively equip students with capacities to transform the society they are entering. Education, both generally and more specifically tied to tourism higher education, requires a stronger awareness of lived values and aspirational values to transform the how education is carried
out. These include, for example, an emphasis on wellbeing indicators over revenue and tourist arrival numbers. All humans act and plan for their futures according to their lived values, but such values are hardly ever overtly acknowledged in research or in daily parlance. The COVID-19 pandemic is stirring up a new search for these lived values in a context where past formulas are failing on a global scale.
摘要
价为为和价为为是成功且有意为的旅游教育和研究的必要为成部分。在考为新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情背景下高等教育的 未来为, 尤其需要重新为为为些为为。如果为型意味着在一个为极的方向上为来为为性的为化, 那么新冠(COVID-19)疫情大流行可能是 旅游高等教育的福音, 因为为为性的为化已为出为了相当为的一段为为。教育所提供的为革力量是通为学为者内在和外在的为为在其身上 看到的。高等教育有着改造社会的希望, 但它被广泛批为为为于沉浸在新自由主为价为为中, 而新自由主为价为为削弱了学生有效地 具为改造他为正在为入的社会的能力。教育, 无为是一般的为是更具体地与旅游高等教育为系在一起, 都需要为生活价为为和理想价 为为有更为烈的为为, 以改为教育的为施方式。例如, 为些措施包括为为幸福指数, 而非收入和游客抵达人数。所有的人为都根据他为的 生活价为为采取行为并为划他为的未来, 但为些价为为在研究或日常用为中几乎从未得到公开承为。当为去的方法在全球范为内逐为失 去影响力的背景下, 新冠(COVID-19)疫情流行病引为了人为为为些生存价为的新探索。
reinforcing certain hegemonic views of society.
The suggestion that hegemonic messages appear is not an accusation against the producers of the brochures of covert propaganda, but rather that taken-for-granted views of society as unproblematic truths portrayed in the brochures is not correct – the brochures should rather be viewed as highly sensitive polysemic constructs.
KEYWORDS: content analysis, polysemy, semiotics, tourist brochures
of the twentieth century, spurred a proliferation of tourism programs in higher education to meet the demands of the burgeoning industry. As more complex understandings about
tourism began to emerge, however, it became clear that equating the industrialization and growth of tourism with social and economic progress was far too simplistic – indeed,
increases in visitation and receipts do not always reap positive benefits. Simultaneously, rapid socio-cultural and economic changes are afoot, which are rendering the future increasingly uncertain. The jobs of today are markedly different from those of yesterday, and it seems certain that those of tomorrow will be different still. Students entering the tourism sector, with its high levels of volatility and rapid globalization, are going to need different skills and understandings in order to achieve meaningful and successful professional lives. It was in recognition of this landscape of change, and the demand it
drives to rethink tourism education, that the Tourism Education Futures Initiative (TEFI) was born:
What focus is placed on safety, security and risks in tourism and hospitality educational programs in Finland and Australia? In other words, how are tourism and hospitality professionals taught to work safely in work environments of the industries? These questions are being answered based on findings stemming from an analysis of tourism and hospitality curricula. The key findings paint a worrying picture for the industries as safety, security and risks receive negligible attention in the overall tourism and hospitality education offer.
I visualise in this chapter tourism education, heading towards a time when COVID-19 no longer poses an immediate threat to the Earth’s populations. I touch on why tourism has been taught in higher education institutions so far by outlining two alternative viewpoints: a professional versus a liberal. Building on the past purposes and using foundational philosophies, especially axiological thoughts, I will query why the purposes of the past are no longer what will be needed in the future.
I present, as an example of the values dominating current tourism higher education, an investigation of the tourism degrees offered at universities and colleges in the five Nordic countries, and will through this data propose what values dominate tourism education. I will thereafter query if this a good purpose in a world that learns to live with current and future challenges.
TH&E studies as separate academic subjects, or combined as an academic branch, can act as a field that is taught to students, an academic genre to study, and more importantly as a practice aimed at enhancing and enriching the society within which TH&E takes place. I will in this chapter refer to TH&E studies, fully conscious of the fact that studies in these sub-fields take different shapes, and are taught separately from one another at some institutions. My aim in this chapter is, however, to investigate the philosophical foundations and issues of these studies, and having fairly similar antecedents, I will disregard the diversity they take in practice. They are dealt with here together as TH&E studies.
In taking on the task to write about ontological, epistemological and axiological issues of TH&E studies I doubt whether I will be the first person to admit that the words ontology, epistemology, and axiology always initially leaves him dumbfounded. Even after nearly 15 years as an academic and having taught research methodologies for several of these years, as well as supervising several honours, masters and PhD candidates, I always have to go back to basics and remind myself of what the concepts refer to. The reason for this is not that I do not know anything about the meanings behind the words, but maybe rather because none of the words are part of my daily vocabulary, or of what I think of as my reference frame in which I go about my work. I will, despite this, explain how the interpretations set by these concepts in actual fact make up the whole reference frame for my work, and that my daily vocabulary is very much what it is, due to them.
Keywords: Australia; national identity; touristic terra nullius; narrative analysis
Australia as a Tourist Destination Region (TDR) is defined as having 4 R’s; the Roo, the Roof, the Reef and the Rock, as it’s main attractions. The Roo - the marsupial family of kangaroos and wallabies. The Roof –the exterior areas of the Sydney Opera House. The Reef – refers to the Great Barrier Reef. Finally, the Rock – Uluru, the world’s largest monolith remotely situated in the middle of the great continent. All the 4 R’s are icons, and recognised worldwide as being images/pictures that describe Australia. Visitors are, through their gaze, to a certain degree, focused on gazing upon these icons, and the inbound tourism industry of Australia is focused on serving inbound tourists these attractions.
An Australian is likely to laugh at the images as being too simplified descriptors. A normal response includes suggestions of visits to the outback to experience ‘the real Australia’, to sit in pubs talking to ‘locals’ about ‘real Australian’ professions such as mining or farming. The picture is painted as to say that the tourist would not have experienced more than an overtly staged front-stage if they have not seen more than some of the 4 R’s.
This paper will claim that neither frontstage nor backstage icons are authentic. If no culture is ultimately authentic then no description of real Australia can have a final value as correct. An alternative definition of the facts is that everything is authentic, as the tourists are the persons who experience the phenomena, if they would not be where they are, those very experiences would not happen. It is therefore the tourists that make the experience authentic. If the latter definition is accepted then all descriptors found in Australia can be seen as ‘real’ cultural symbols.
A suggestion is made that phenomenology as a methodology, might be a tool for researchers and industry practitioners, to take a ‘step back’ from their normal thoughts and reflect upon the phenomena they are a part of, and how their actions involuntarily form that experience.
A brief description of tourism in Australia is made and a media analysis conducted in an attempt to prove the validity of the concepts proposed.
It seems to be that true descriptors of the Australian culture are an amalgam of interconnected symbols, each from different settings, but together constituting Australia. Based on that, it seems correct to classify an experience of the ‘real’ Australia as a fairly liminal one. Every time something is experienced which is determined ‘real’ by some source, another source is questioning that reality.
This is a preliminary work of a larger thesis investigating special interest tourism as a contributor to the formation of cultural identity.
The book is a fresh contribution to the field of tourism studies - or Travel Research as Suvantola calls it - by combining familiar tourism theory with theoretical frameworks from humanistic geographies.
Both Beijing and Toronto have large ethnic minority populations, and the two cities have very different policies in regards to them; Canada more open, China more controlled. Even though these minority populations have on average high education levels, this is not converted into jobs that would meet their qualifications – this is referred to as an ‘ethnic penalty’.
theories are applied on Sport (Rugby League [RL]); Culture (Black Metal Music [BM]) and on Tourism (Authenticity in four different settings).
Spracklen is a very good writer who engages his readers in a fluent and informative text. For a person without previous intimate knowledge about Habermas theories, the book provides an accessible insight into how to apply the concepts on practical cases. However, in my opinion the book is unbalanced in some parts due to sections of theory that digress from the topic and thus fail to make a solid argument. It is also unbalanced due to the surprisingly common verbatim repetition of sentences and full paragraphs in different sections of the book.
Tourist attractions, not just connected to heritage but also modern symbols of consumerism like Australia’s ‘Big Things’ are often simplistically presented as objects with an attached objective reality. This article suggests that attractions should not be viewed simply as objects but rather understood as narratives in themselves. The fluidity of narratives as a theoretical tool allows researchers to deconstruct the hegemonic discourse tourist attractions hold.
The article suggests that the focus on attractions as objects in the present disregards what has existed in the past. This unconscious/conscious blindness to a holistic history of an attraction, or even a region, creates a touristic terra nullius – a nullification of alternative understandings. However, a narrative analysis of texts describing destinations can lead researchers to discover a palimpsest of local history, still legible behind promotional texts referring to the present.
Keywords: touristic terra nullius; narrative analysis; palimpsest; tourist attractions
The essay is based on mini-narratives triangulated between the fact that the author is a tourist as one dimension, that the author knows tourist and cultural studies theories as the second dimension and the tourist entities and the stakeholders in these entities at Java as the third dimension.
The case presented shows the commonalities between Plato’s cave story and the value of deconstruction of meanings and immediate conscious observation in tourism. The case can be used as a framework for management of tourist entities, by introducing a multidimensional way of gazing at practices. Not just from a front/back-stage perspective or customer/business perspective but rather by looking at mini-narratives from a critical standpoint and realising the constructed commonalities in them.
Keywords: The Cave, Triangulation, Deconstruction, Mini-Narratives, Tourist Philosophy,
This paper is going to present a claim that backpackers could be the new money-makers of the tourism industry in Australia. The claim is based on statistical data regarding previous money earning activities compared to current data relating to backpackers and the tourism industry.
This article analyses a hospitality unit taught to second year undergraduate students. The ongoing assessment item used is a set of structured debates in which all students have to participate throughout the semester. The debates are conducted every second week, either live in tutorials, or alternatively online through the unit’s learning portal.
Feedback from the unit has consistently been very positive. Students have expressed satisfaction about the reason to connect their practical understanding of matters with theoretical findings. They also appreciate the opportunity to develop both their oral and written communication skills. The significance of this article is that it introduces an established assessment and teaching method from other disciplines to hospitality education and shows, in practical terms how similar assessments can be set up in other subjects. Another feature of this paper is that it incorporates multi-mode learning, and has ideas for how debates can take place not only in a physical classroom, but also in on-line delivery.
Key words:
Hospitality education; Tourism education; Debates; Multi-mode delivery
This paper will investigate the word culture and propose a four-layered taxonomy of different meanings, and will thereafter apply these meanings on what is referred to as culture and cultural tourism in the Finnish Lapland. The aim of the paper is to propose different commonly acceptable understandings of culture, and thus allow users of the word to appropriately communicate their intention with the use of the word. Tourism in the Finnish Lapland will be taken as a specific case for this paper and the intended outcome is, if not to answer the question the heading poses, at least to propose possible answers to it.
Keywords: Tourism, Negative media events, Perception, Image,
Key-words: Experience, satisfaction, tourism, perceptions, ESAMEG, experience economy, mass-customisation
Travel writers in popular media and books are maintaining the dichotomy between travellers and tourists. They claim that tourists naïvely take part in the attraction’s constructedness without conscious awareness of it, while travellers stand out from the crowd and regard the spectacle from ‘the outside’. This position still maintains an understanding of attractions as reified nouns, or as objects. But writing about tourism performance is not accepting the old-fashioned division between travellers and tourists; it rather highlights the personal choices individuals make to perform and later narrate themselves into different roles, even though this is often done unconsciously.
Therefore, by studying the temporal and spatial dimensions of attractions; by regarding tourism practice through the metaphor of an interactive theatre play; and, by suspending the tourist’s disbelief the ‘scene is set’ for a new way of examining tourist attractions. A tourist attraction is a ‘thing’ only in the same sense that a theatre play or a movie is a ‘thing’. I claim that the only way to make sense of an attraction, and even tourism in general, is to experience it – and the only way to describe it is to tell its story.
Keywords: Tourist attractions; nationalism, narrative analysis, linguistic-hermeneutic phenomenology, first-person experiences
certain photographs convey in the brochures produced. The suggestion that hegemonic messages appear is not an accusation of the employment of covert propaganda by the producers of the brochures, but, rather, that assumed views of society as unproblematic truths portrayed in the brochures are not correct – the brochures should rather be viewed as highly sensitive polysemic constructs. The conclusion drawn highlights the necessity for tourism practice to be studied from more perspectives than simply the managerial or economic. The socio-political and ctural messages that are otherwise created do nothing to improve the life of marginalised
groups in Australia.
Key words: travel brochures, hegemony, polysemy, content analysis, semiotics
An institution offering higher education has courses and education programs that lead their students to diploma, extended diploma and a range of graduate degrees.
There are two conflicting opinions why higher education is conducted, they vary in popularity over time, one outweighing the other in the public debate depending on the cultural and economic climate currently dominating the society.
One viewpoint is that higher education is conducted in order for the student to develop as an individual, broadening their minds and making them able to critically analyse and retrieve new information.
The other opinion is that higher education is conducted of the same reasons as VET, to develop employable individuals to fit into the society in the future after finished studies (Kemmis, 1986).
Some VET colleges in the hospitality education sector have strict rules and professional conduct systems that are explained to teach the students how to behave in the high-class hospitality environment they are receiving a training to work in (Szambowski et al, 2002). The systems are based on a classical behaviouristic theory with positive and negative re-enforcement, praising students behaving, as the rules require and punishing students who break the rules.
This paper looks at the controversy that occurs in colleges that are offering programs both in the VET sector and programs accredited by universities leading to graduate degrees, when strict behaviouristic rules apply both on students that are being schooled to behave in a set way for their chosen industry and on students that have chosen to further educate and develop themselves.
A research has been conducted amongst three colleges in Australia and three colleges in Europe offering Hospitality and Tourism Management programs to compare their solutions to teach students appropriate behaviour in the industry. The paper will look at the intent of these solutions and the content of the rules and courses that are said to lead to the intent.
The paper will ask if behaviouristic rules are the only way to school students to behave in certain ways. It will also raise the question if strict rules are appropriate in institutions that possibly are chosen by students to develop them as individuals.
The paper concludes in giving institutions offering programs in the higher education sector recommendations of how to critically self-evaluate the intents for their rules so that the students studying would fairly be assessed on skills they have themselves chosen to be taught.
Abstract: Lighthouses are by definition forced to be located at strategic locations at the border between land and sea. They guide seafarers’ safely past dangers and inform travellers about their exact location. Whereas all lighthouses are not located on islands, but rather on headlands, capes and high points of a coastline, many are distinct features of the islands they inhabit. This paper will examine lighthouses on islands as tourist attractions and suggest that the motivation for people to visit lighthouses comes from ‘tourist angst’; the urge for ‘authentic’ and ‘original’ experiences that form part of Western society.
Lighthouses have in modern times changed function from having been desolate outposts inhabited by lighthouse keepers and their families to become attractive tourist destinations. Lighthouses remain naturally physically located where they always have been, but technology has diminished the need for people to be present at all times to maintain the lighthouses’ functions, at the same time as it has made transport to these once barren locations easier.
Research on lighthouses as tourist attractions have in the past concentrated on managerial issues, such as maintenance, marketing and public-private partnerships but little has been written about the allure of the sites that tourists set out to experience. In an attempt to capture motivations lighthouse tourists have, this paper examines a book by the Finnish author Tove Jansson called ‘Moominpappa at Sea’ where a family moves out to a lighthouse on a small island to live out the dreams of the family’s father. The book is part of a beloved series of books about the Moomin family which has remained popular from the mid 1940s when they were first published in Finland. The audiences for the books are children and youngsters, but the skilful philosophical narratives capture equally adult readers.
Villawood Immigration Detention Centre in Western Sydney accommodates foreign nationals who have not complied with the visa rules set out by the Department of Immigration in Australia (DIMIA) for staying in Australia, or people who have been refused entry to the country at airports or seaports.
Tourist attractions can be seen as both signs of the society that have constructed them, and also as normative forces reconfirming the powers of that same society. How ‘value, meaning, control, interpretation, authority and authenticity’ of heritage attractions develop (Stam, 1993, p. 267); are all themes integrally part of tourism, and of the way individuals learn to act and understand themselves in relations to their social context (Jamal & Hollinshead, 2001).
My suggestion is that heritage attractions are following the motto of Byron Bay's Lighthouse: ‘Once Perilous, Now Safe’ - Prisons, asylums, quarantine stations and detention centres are all kept out of sight as long as they are operational because of their connotations to fateful services provided - and deemed necessary in our society, but once not operational they are opened up for public viewing as tourist sites. This paper will follow my journey from Ellis Island, New York to Villawood Detention Centre in NSW, Australia. This is a description of a journey between tourism and illegal immigration. I will discuss issues surrounding heritage tourism and their link to the forging of national identity.
Graffiti has been considered a nuisance mostly; an intrusion on previously undisturbed surfaces and has therefore neither been recorded nor preserved. The few examples remaining can only be seen as a tip of a now already melted iceberg.
Graffiti is a one-way communication, often created in past tense by the graffito in order to tell later travellers when and who has been at the same place at another point of time. The academic literature has taken two separate stands when describing graffiti. The sociological stand describing the occurrence as a sociological protest, or alternatively a psychosocial way of communicating feelings that can’t be expressed openly. Or alternatively the historical describing the graffiti as a sociological phenomenon that tells the modern world about events and customs from past times.
This paper will be closer to the latter group in describing graffiti as a sociological phenomenon that can be seen as an unintended visitors book left by travellers visiting certain places. The paper will not try to find motivators for the occurrence neither will it try to find solutions how to stop it. It will rather address the phenomenon as a fact without giving it a positive or negative value. It will look at graffiti made in the Blue Mountains in New South Wales, Australia and describe how a one-way communication can change from being a nuisance to becoming a national heritage and a tourist pull factor.
The paper will conclude by showing what can be learnt from studying graffiti and by proposing future factors to be researched in order to get a more holistic understanding of how to look at the phenomenon of graffiti made by tourists.
This article discusses initially how tourism studies are generally conducted currently. It presents thereafter what concepts common in cultural studies can offer tourism studies in the area of social sustainability. The discussion acts as an example of how destinations are constructed in the social realm by focussing on certain features suitable to groups in power in society. It suggests that this focus often emphasises a colonial history that neglects minority groups’ interests, amongst them the Indigenous population’s version of history and societal development.
Keywords: cultural studies; tourism studies; heritage destinations; critical enquiry
Heritage tourism and heritage attractions are often presented as authentic memories from times past, but are on closer inspection often just one interpretation of a past fraught with a variety of different narratives. This article draws a line between heritage tourism and nationalism, and is suggesting that some attractions are contributing to the formation of national identity.
This paper follows my visit to Thunderbolt Rock in Uralla, NSW. It is a description of a tourist’s experience from a heritage tourist attraction.
KEY WORDS: Heritage tourism, nationalism, national identity, linguistic-hermeneutic phenomenology