Papers by Richard J Crisp
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American Psychologist, Jan 1, 2009
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Social Psychology, 44, 289-298., 2013
The present research investigated linguistic description as a moderator of biased evaluations of ... more The present research investigated linguistic description as a moderator of biased evaluations of counterstereotypical individuals. Members of an online participant pool (N = 237) indicated their liking for stereotypical and counterstereotypical individuals who were described using adjectives or behaviors. There was a significant interaction between target typicality and linguistic description: People liked counterstereotypical individuals more than stereotypical individuals when target individuals were described using adjectives. In contrast, they showed no bias or a negative bias against counterstereotypical individuals who were described using behaviors. This interaction effect generalized across gender targets (men/women) and sexuality targets (gay/straight), and it was partially mediated by subjective processing fluency. Implications for the backlash effect and prejudice reduction are discussed.
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In V. Yzerbyt, C. M. Judd, & O. Corneille (Eds.), The psychology of group perception: Perceived variability, entitativity, and essentialism (pp. 203-220). New York: Psychology Press., 2004
In this chapter, we review the evidence supporting theories of perceived group variability betwee... more In this chapter, we review the evidence supporting theories of perceived group variability between gender groups. In particular, we look at the roles of (a) differential intergroup familiarity and (b) gender differences in explaining null gender out-group homogeneity effects. We then go on to consider how group size might influence the out-group homogeneity effect in gender groups. Finally, we report some of our own research investigating the roles of differential familiarity, gender differences, and group size in determining gender out-group homogeneity, and we conclude by discussing a tentative model of out-group homogeneity.
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International Journal of Psychology, 46, 206-213., 2011
The need for closure predicts an evaluative bias against people whose opinions or behaviors devia... more The need for closure predicts an evaluative bias against people whose opinions or behaviors deviate from other members of their social groups (Doherty, K. T., 1998; Kruglanski, A. W., & Webster, D. M., 1991; Schimel, J., et al., 1999). In the present study, we investigated whether the relationship between the need for closure and deviant bias generalized to nonsocial stimuli, and we examined the process underlying this relationship. Sixty-one undergraduate students completed measures of the need for closure, the need for structure, intolerance for ambiguity, and the ability to be decisive and achieve cognitive structure. They then rated their liking for letters of the Latin alphabet (“A” & “B”) whose locations were consistent and inconsistent with relevant categories (“A circle” & “B circle”). Participants liked category inconsistent letters less than category consistent letters. Measures related to the need for structure and closed-mindedness correlated positively with this deviant bias, whereas measures related to the ability to be decisive and achieve cognitive structure did not. These results imply that the relationship between the need for closure and deviant bias is a relatively basic and pervasive effect that is not unique to social deviance and that is driven by the need for structure and closed-mindedness. Implications for social and nonsocial stimuli are discussed.
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In D. Abrams & M. A. Hogg (Eds.), Social identity and social cognition (pp. 111-140). Cornwall, UK: Blackwell., 1999
(from the chapter) The primary goal in this chapter is to redirect attention to a consideration o... more (from the chapter) The primary goal in this chapter is to redirect attention to a consideration of both (1) the categorization processes involved in the perception of individuals who belong to multiple groups, and (2) the potential consequences of these processes. Attending to both categorization processes and consequential intergroup responding can be aided by a consideration of 2 areas of research: crossed categorization research, which has strong social identity roots, and research that has used the name-matching paradigm (S. E. Taylor et al, 1978) to assess categorization of outcomes. The authors review relevant name-matching paradigm findings in the context of crossed-categorization theorizing to generate testable hypotheses regarding when and how various patterns of intergroup bias emerge in crossed contexts. (from the book) In this chapter, the authors remind us that a person may be categorized in many different ways, such that a person may be simultaneously an ingroup member on some dimensions and an outgroup member on others. They argue that a proper understanding of these crossed-categorization phenomena requires an integration of social identity and social cognition research.
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Social Psychology Quarterly, 71, 114-142., 2008
We investigated the effects of gender and group size on perceptions of group variability, using g... more We investigated the effects of gender and group size on perceptions of group variability, using groups of students taking different majors that varied in the proportion of men and women (female-majority, parity, and male-majority). We found that both group size and gender had consistent effects on perceived out-group variability, even when potentially confounded alternative explanations were assessed. Men showed a stronger out-group homogeneity effect than women, except when women were in the majority (Studies One and Two), and women showed no in-group homogeneity effect. There was an association between out-group homogeneity and the tendency to generate more subgroups for the in-group than out-group (Study Two), but perceived variability was not associated with familiarity, distinctiveness, perceived group size, or perceived group status. These consistent effects qualify the conclusions of prior research in important ways, and cannot be explained in terms of differences in stereotype accuracy (Study Three), or a confound between the gender majority of a major and its perceived status (Study Four). We discuss our findings in terms of theoretical explanations for gender and size effects on out-group homogeneity, and methodological considerations.
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Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 21-28., 2010
This research investigated whether people are biased against migrants partly because they find mi... more This research investigated whether people are biased against migrants partly because they find migrants more difficult to cognitively process than nonmigrants. In Study 1, 181 undergraduate students evaluated migrant and nonmigrant members of two minimal groups and reported the difficulty that they experienced in thinking about each type of target. Participants rated migrants less positively than nonmigrants, and difficulty ratings partially mediated this effect. Study 2 (N = 191) replicated these findings and demonstrated similar findings for individuals who had been excluded from minimal groups. This evidence implies that migrant bias can be explained partly in terms of the difficulty that people have in processing information about migrants, and that it is related to migrants’ exclusion from their original group.
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Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
Although people and events that disconfirm observers’ expectancies can increase their creativity,... more Although people and events that disconfirm observers’ expectancies can increase their creativity, sometimes such social schema violations increase observers’ rigidity of thought and undermine creative cognition. Here we examined whether individual differences in the extent to which people prefer structure and predictability, determine whether social schema violations facilitate or hamper creativity. Participants in Study 1 formed impressions of a schema-inconsistent female mechanic (vs. a schema-consistent male mechanic). Following schema-inconsistent rather than consistent information, participants low (high) in need for structure showed better (impeded) creative performance. Participants in Study 2 memorized a series of images in which individuals were placed on a schema-inconsistent (vs. consistent) background (e.g., an Eskimo on the desert vs. on a snowy landscape). Following schema-inconsistent imagery participants low (high) in need for structure increased (decreased) divergent thinking.
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General Review of Psychology, 2014
We propose a theoretical model explaining when and why possessing 2 inconsistent social identitie... more We propose a theoretical model explaining when and why possessing 2 inconsistent social identities can foster superior creativity. The framework describes how during cultural adaptation individuals (a) alternate their identities across contexts, (b) integrate elements of their distinct (i.e., remote and uncorrelated) identities, and, having formed cognitive and emotional links with the new group, (c) broaden their self-definition. We explain how these processes of cultural adaptation map onto 3 fundamental creative processes: (a) an ability to quickly and effortlessly switch between cognitive strategies and semantic categories, (b) an apparent ease in integrating distant and conflicting ideas, and finally, (c) the widening of one’s creative idea base. Our model explains how the challenges involved in managing complex self-definitions enhance creativity, and increase potential for novel problem solutions. Understanding this dynamic brings a new perspective to debates on the value of diversity.
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Thinking Skills and Creativity, Apr 2013
School-based psychological interventions which require students and pupils to think of counter-st... more School-based psychological interventions which require students and pupils to think of counter-stereotypic individuals (e.g., a female mechanic, a Black President) have been shown to reduce stereotyping and prejudice. But while these interventions are increasingly popular, no one has tested whether tasks like this can have benefits beyond promoting tolerance, particularly with respect to the way individuals think and solve problems. We looked at one such intervention and asked whether this task could, in addition to decreasing propensities to stereotype others, contribute to more flexible and original performance. We expected that because exposure to people who disconfirm stereotypes compels students to think “out of the box”, they will subsequently not only rely less on stereotypes, but in more general thinking rely less on easily accessible knowledge structures and be more flexible and creative. As predicted, being encouraged to think counter-stereotypically not only decreased stereotyping, but also, on a divergent creativity task, lead to the generation of more creative ideas – but only for individuals who initially reported a lower personal need for structure (PNS).
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Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, Mar 2013
To reduce prejudice psychologists design interventions requiring people to think of counter-stere... more To reduce prejudice psychologists design interventions requiring people to think of counter-stereotypes (i.e., people who defy stereotypic expectations—a strong woman, a Black President). Grounded in the idea that stereotypes constrain the ability to think flexibly, we propose that thinking of counter-stereotypes can have benefits that extend beyond the goal of prejudice reduction—in particular to tasks measuring cognitive flexibility and creative performance. Findings supported this conjecture. In Experiment 1 priming a gender counter-stereotype enhanced cognitive flexibility. This effect could not be attributed to changes in mood. In Experiment 2, using a gender-independent manipulation, priming various social counter-stereotypes brought a boost to creative performance. We discuss implications of these extended benefits of counter-stereotypic thinking for developing future prejudice-reduction interventions.
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Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
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Group Dynamics-theory Research and Practice - GROUP DYN-THEORY RES PRACT, 2010
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American Psychologist - AMER PSYCHOL, 2009
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Psychology and Aging, 2008
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Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 2010
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The Journal of Social Psychology, 2004
INVESTIGATORS have reliably demonstrated the distinction between heuris-tic (relatively effortles... more INVESTIGATORS have reliably demonstrated the distinction between heuris-tic (relatively effortless) and systematic (relatively effortful) thought in social perception (Brewer, 1988; Chaiken & Trope, 1999; Fiske & Neuberg, 1990) using cognitive-busyness (or dual-task) ...
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British Journal of Psychology, 2009
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Papers by Richard J Crisp