Papers by Erevna: Journal of Linguistics and Literature
Erevna
This study is a critical evaluation of the Pakistani front-line print
media i.e. The Dawn and The... more This study is a critical evaluation of the Pakistani front-line print
media i.e. The Dawn and The Nation. The special focus remained on the
deconstruction of the advertisements of the respective newspapers from
December 2015 and January 2016 to find out the ideological discursivity
in the said discourse. The basic aim of this research study is to highlight
the collusive stance of Pakistani print media advertisements and
capitalist‘s agenda in advertisements. By evaluating the selected
advertisements, the aim of this paper is to seek and understand the
explicit and implicit agenda. For the purpose, the researchers have
exploited the ideas from James Paul Gee (2011) and Guy Cook (2001)
named as ―seven building tasks‖ and ―three parts advertisement analysis
model (Materials, Text and People)‖ respectively. After the analysis, it
has been found out that the said media is acting as a tool in the hands of
capitalists to fulfil their agenda i.e. to attract more and more people to
their products and to earn more and more money.
Key terms: Discursivity, ideology, critical discourse analysis, print
media, collusion
Subjugation Patriarchy Capitalism Dominance FCDA The Game of Thrones, an HBO series dep... more Subjugation Patriarchy Capitalism Dominance FCDA The Game of Thrones, an HBO series depicts various mind-probing scenarios related to women. This series is a combination of different seasons that have iconized female gender in variant ways. It exemplifies many female characters epitomizing stereotyped gender roles, female subjugation and domination. This study explores this through the conceptual
The traumatic experience leaves permanent marks on one's psyche and the victim show the sign of e... more The traumatic experience leaves permanent marks on one's psyche and the victim show the sign of emotional shock either in terms of reduced communication or a total lack of speech. While trauma has been studied as a regressive mechanism, Cathy Caruth (2001) has found another aspect of trauma while studying the speech of a boy who comes across the sudden death of his friend. She finds that though the boy is shocked by the unexplained death of his friend, yet he feels more determined to live and to fulfil the dreams he shares with his dead friend. The current study employs the findings of Caruth (2001) as a theoretical framework for the analysis of the character of a mother dealing with the loss of her son in the novel "Mornings in Jenin," written by Susan Abdulhawa. The researcher proposes that traumatic experience, although disturbs the mother emotional balance in every possible way, makes her more determined to protect her own life that has been denied to many of her people and thus acts as an impulse to live a meaningful life.
Integrated learning ELT in Pakistan Learner role Learning innovations Technology-based ... more Integrated learning ELT in Pakistan Learner role Learning innovations Technology-based learning Abstract The study explores changing roles of the learners within integrated mode of English Language Teaching (ELT) in Pakistan. In particular, it analyzes the way the notion of integrated ELT environment has influenced the ELT educational approaches and Pakistani students' role. Technology has offered instructors and students with new strategies that have remodeled teachers' roles, curricula, and methodologies. In this regard, this study attempts to explore the connection between these learning innovations and their resultant changes in Pakistani students' role. Mainly, mixed approach was utilized for this study. One hundred ELT learners studying in the Virtual University of Pakistan contributed for this study. The delimitation of the study was set at focusing mainly on ELT students' role as learners of English language. For data collection, close-ended questionnaire was utilized as a tool. The results explicated that, through technological innovations, the integrated mode of learning has opened new vistas for students and has provided them with the facility to come out of the traditional standards Moreover, for these Pakistani ELT students, technology has brought dynamic and multiple practices in their learning process; hence, the roles and responsibilities of learners have also been transformed accordingly.
Keywords Compliment responses Pragmatic competence Pakistani learners of English Pragmati... more Keywords Compliment responses Pragmatic competence Pakistani learners of English Pragmatic transfer Sociolinguistics rules of speaking Foreign language curriculum Abstract The use of the compliment strategies of Pakistani university students in Pakistan is investigated in the present study. The quantitative approach is used in this study. The sample of the study is selected using non-random, purposive and convenience sampling procedures. For data collection, Two Discourse Completion Tests (Urdu DCT and English DCT) were used. The results of the study showed that Pakistani university students used the same type of semantic formulaic patterns both in English and Urdu. There were no significant differences found between male and female respondents (both in English and Urdu) in the use of compliment strategies. Results clearly indicated that respondents translated Urdu strategies into English, and at the same time transferred L1 cultural trends and produced cultural-specific compliment responses. Moreover, the findings also exhibited that Pakistani university students only used "Agreement" strategies and avoided the use of "Disagreement" and "Request" strategies. The study indicated that pragmatic competence is an essential component of communicative competence. Therefore, teaching pragmatic knowledge plays an important role in a foreign language curriculum, particularly in teaching English as a Foreign Language (EFL).
This study aims to analyze the gemination system in Tanoli Hindko spoken in Mansehra, Hazara. The... more This study aims to analyze the gemination system in Tanoli Hindko spoken in Mansehra, Hazara. The corpus of 5000 root words was developed first from the existing dictionaries and then this wordlist was recorded from the native speakers. The data was analysed in light of the Onset Rhyme Theory (ORT). The findings showed that the dialect allowed gemination word-medially and finally. Most of the consonants are good candidates for gemination process; however, a few consonants like the glide /j/ and the fricative /ɦ/ do not allow gemination at any position of a word. Gemination in Tanoli Hindko always occurs with the short vowels, not with long vowels; however, if consonant cluster at word-final coda is found, or an ill-formed consonant cluster is established in the word-medial position, the process of gemination does not occur in Tanoli Hindko.
The study centers on the Systematic Functional Linguistics (SFL) Analysis of a legal document, na... more The study centers on the Systematic Functional Linguistics (SFL) Analysis of a legal document, namely, The Panama Case Judgement, officially released on the Pakistan Supreme Court website. As there was a lack of literature on the linguistic analysis of legal documents in Pakistan, this paper aimed to give a thorough analysis of the indictment of a former prime minister. The paper made use of the articulated judgement by the court and explored the patterns of language in relation to power in legal discourses. The paper explored that verbal category has used different modes of speech such as; commanding, stating or asking. It also showed that this process was used mostly by the Court itself. This highlighted the significance of the stance taken by the Court throughout the whole judgment, where no external factor made any effect on the outcome or the result. The paper highlighted how linguistic analyses of the legal document can represent the true ideology of the judgement to the reader.
The present study focuses on the investigation of congratulation strategies employed by Punjabi E... more The present study focuses on the investigation of congratulation strategies employed by Punjabi EFL learners as compared to British English speaker's in the light of taxonomy of congratulation speech acts proposed by Elwood (2004). There were 120 speakers participated in this study distributed into four different groups: 30 British English speakers, 30 Punjabi EFL learners of Elite class, 30 Punjabi EFL learners of Middle class and 30 Punjabi EFL learners of the Lower class. For the purpose of data collection, two research tools were employed (a) demographic informative questionnaire and (b) a discourse completion test (DCT). The data was analyzed by using raw frequency, percentage and t-test of two independent samples assuming unequal variance. The findings of the study reveal that the most frequently used types of congratulation strategies were Initialism of Illocutionary Force Indicating Device (IFID) followed by overlapped strategies (combination of two). The results showed that Punjabi EFL learners' usage of strategies was different as compared to British English speakers in the production of L2.
Keywords Abstract Lexical Stress Foot Patterns Multisyllabic Word Penultimate, Ultimate Syl... more Keywords Abstract Lexical Stress Foot Patterns Multisyllabic Word Penultimate, Ultimate Syllable, Iambic, Trochaic. Pakistani English PE, a nativized variety of English, has a different lexical stress and foot pattern to that of any native variety of English. This difference in the varieties often results in comprehension failure or leads to awkward situations. The present study focuses on describing the stress of different syntactic categories of PE to illustrate its foot patterns. The data was collected from the English news broadcasted from Radio Pakistan Islamabad for Pakistani English variety. The results show that PE is significantly different from native English varieties such as British Standard English BSE, in respect to placing primary and secondary level stress on different syllables in a multisyllabic word. For instance, unlike native English varieties, where lexical stress on a penultimate syllable is more common in case of nouns and adjectives, Pakistani English prefers to place the stress on the ultimate syllable irrespective of which syntactic category is chosen. Furthermore, differences are also noticed in foot patterns; as foot pattern of PE is ‗Iambic' unlike BSE which shows ‗trochaic' foot pattern.
Globalization Teacher Professionalism Pakistani teacher Educational diversity Globalizati... more Globalization Teacher Professionalism Pakistani teacher Educational diversity Globalization has influenced teaching profession significantly, converting today's teacher as the part of a very vast global teaching community. The purpose of this study was to review the related literature on teacher professionalism in both international context and local cultural perspective of Pakistan. This paper critically examines the criteria on which the teacher professionalism can be evaluated: subject knowledge, social function and ethical role, work autonomy, professional development, and the use of latest technology. Here, the paper finds that the idea of teacher professionalism has not yet reached any consensus and many diversified interpretations can be traced throughout the related literature ranging from the recognition of teachers as semi-professionals to full-professionals. The paper also indicates the professional diversity among Pakistani teaching community who do not find a favourable professional environment, by and large. Nonetheless, much is needed to enhance their professionalism; they need continuous professional development, working autonomy and financial betterment.
Elementary & Complex Sequences Micro and Macro Sequences Amelioration Degradation Poten... more Elementary & Complex Sequences Micro and Macro Sequences Amelioration Degradation Potentiality/Objective Defined Process of Actualization Obstacle Objective Reached/Missed Good & Bad State. The present study is an attempt to investigate the narrative structure of the short story, The Necklace on the basis of Bremond's model, The Logic of Narrative Possibilities. The research has investigated the various functions of the elementary and complex sequences of The Necklace on the basis of this model and has explored that the main character fails to reach her objective because of her inability to take relevant action that is a process of non-actualization. The research uses interpretivist paradigm and narrative-structure analysis method to explore the various functions of Micro and Macro sequences of the short story, The Necklace. The study will be helpful for the students of literature who are interested in understanding and examining literary texts on the basis of the narrative model, The Logic of Narrative Possibilities.
Macrostructure Macro-propositions
This study examines stereotypical language expressions used in the matrimonial discourse in the a... more This study examines stereotypical language expressions used in the matrimonial discourse in the advertisements of marriage bureau websites in Pakistan. A corpus-based analysis of language attitudes was carried out on data taken from a range of marriage bureau web pages. Language patterns were analyzed using the Wordsmith concordance to reveal patterns of overtly-expressed language attitudes. It discusses how differently but stereotypically the adjectives and nouns are selected by both the genders for their self-discourse as well as for choosing their desired spouses. This study is also based on theoretical considerations of gender differences in language use and it helps in understanding the trends in matrimonial discourse in Pakistani cultural context.
The present study examines the present state of the English language teachers' reflective teachin... more The present study examines the present state of the English language teachers' reflective teaching strategies and its effect on language teaching and learning at secondary level. For the achievement of more authentic results both qualitative and quantitative data collection tools are used. A total number of 302 male and female English language teachers participated in the study. Multiple regression analysis has been applied to the data point out relationship between dependent and independent variables. The findings based on stated methodology, revealed that language teachers' reflective practices have a significant effect on their teaching strategies. It is found that, following reflective strategies, proper training and awareness related to reflective teaching may lead to successful and effective teaching methodologies and may lead to teachers' professional growth and effective language teaching skills.
. The theoretical framework of Biological Evolution developed by Spencer (2014) and Survival Ethi... more . The theoretical framework of Biological Evolution developed by Spencer (2014) and Survival Ethics Theory by was applied to analyze the characters of the play. Rhetorical Criticism by was used to analyze the characters. It has been analyzed how physical, emotional and moral fitness plays its role in the lives of characters. In order to do a Textual Analysis, the themes and characters were investigated to explore the notion of survival of the fittest. It was a qualitative descriptive research for which the entire text of the play was analyzed. The study concluded that some of the characters were physically fit while the others were emotionally and morally fit to survive. Therefore, the role of fitness is very important in people's lives to overcome anxieties and pressures of life.
Poguli is spoken in the Pogal-Paristan area of district Ramban in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.... more Poguli is spoken in the Pogal-Paristan area of district Ramban in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Poguli shows interesting and significant variations from Kashmiri in phonology, morphology and vocabulary but linguistic research on these aspects of the dialect of Kashmiri is inadequate and fragmentary. The present paper attempts to study Poguli based on its morphological description. The study includes the description of postpositions in Poguli and gives a complete account of different functions which occur in the postpositional description. The findings revealed that postpositions follow nouns or pronouns, and mark grammatical functions, location, movement or extent in space and time in Poguli.
This research describes the nominal suffixation process in Hindko. It aimed to reveal the affixes... more This research describes the nominal suffixation process in Hindko. It aimed to reveal the affixes of different categories which are used for nominal suffixation. For this purpose, the documentation of Hindko language spoken in different regions of Neelum (Neelmi Hindko) Azad Kashmir was a prerequisite. The study adopted a qualitative approach and data was collected through discourse-centred method, in which Hindko Radio programs, Hindko Literature and Hindko songs were collected. The data was analysed on the etymological information of the phenomenon under observation. The study reflected that in Hindko language, suffixation is a very productive process of forming nouns. It was revealed that in Hindko Language suffixes like ii, KaR.-aa and -dar is used to derive Nouns from nominal roots. Moreover, the suffixes-ii, and -Kar. are used to derive nouns from the nominal base. The suffix_KaR can only be attached with bases having sound like features e.g. Dam, GRal etc. Moreover, the data showed that the suffix _ii brought a semantic change in the root words like LenR means Slide in general but when we say LenRii it meant ‗a small slide'. Data showed that these suffixes do not bring any morphological or phonological change in the root or bases. So, these can be termed as neutral suffixes in Neelmi Hindko. The data also concluded that in Hindko, nominal suffixes are conditioned semantically and morphologically for new derivation.
Pronouns are morpho-syntactically bounded elements (Gruber, 2017); these word-forms require analy... more Pronouns are morpho-syntactically bounded elements (Gruber, 2017); these word-forms require analysis for clarity in usage and understanding. Languages are usually constrained in characterization of their ‗pronominal paradigms' (p. 2) and this resuts in a relatively systematic usage of these parts of speech, in general (Harley & Ritter, 2002). Keeping these perspectives in the forefront, the current study presents a description of the pronouns of the Pothwari dialect of Punjabi to reveal a systematic usage of these units. The Pothwar ivariety majorly belongs to the areas of Rawalpindi, Jhelum, Gujar Khan and other peripheral areas (Loathers & Loathers, 2010) in Pakistan. For this paper, data were gathered through two mediums (1) elicitations from the native speakers and (2) recordings of radio broadcasts conducted in the said dialect. Findings of this study explicate the distinctive forms of pronouns and their varied functionality with reference to their referent nouns in Pothwari.
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Papers by Erevna: Journal of Linguistics and Literature
media i.e. The Dawn and The Nation. The special focus remained on the
deconstruction of the advertisements of the respective newspapers from
December 2015 and January 2016 to find out the ideological discursivity
in the said discourse. The basic aim of this research study is to highlight
the collusive stance of Pakistani print media advertisements and
capitalist‘s agenda in advertisements. By evaluating the selected
advertisements, the aim of this paper is to seek and understand the
explicit and implicit agenda. For the purpose, the researchers have
exploited the ideas from James Paul Gee (2011) and Guy Cook (2001)
named as ―seven building tasks‖ and ―three parts advertisement analysis
model (Materials, Text and People)‖ respectively. After the analysis, it
has been found out that the said media is acting as a tool in the hands of
capitalists to fulfil their agenda i.e. to attract more and more people to
their products and to earn more and more money.
Key terms: Discursivity, ideology, critical discourse analysis, print
media, collusion
media i.e. The Dawn and The Nation. The special focus remained on the
deconstruction of the advertisements of the respective newspapers from
December 2015 and January 2016 to find out the ideological discursivity
in the said discourse. The basic aim of this research study is to highlight
the collusive stance of Pakistani print media advertisements and
capitalist‘s agenda in advertisements. By evaluating the selected
advertisements, the aim of this paper is to seek and understand the
explicit and implicit agenda. For the purpose, the researchers have
exploited the ideas from James Paul Gee (2011) and Guy Cook (2001)
named as ―seven building tasks‖ and ―three parts advertisement analysis
model (Materials, Text and People)‖ respectively. After the analysis, it
has been found out that the said media is acting as a tool in the hands of
capitalists to fulfil their agenda i.e. to attract more and more people to
their products and to earn more and more money.
Key terms: Discursivity, ideology, critical discourse analysis, print
media, collusion