This study examines the challenges encountered by teachers in effectively addressing the educatio... more This study examines the challenges encountered by teachers in effectively addressing the educational needs of students with visual impairment in inclusive classroom environment. The aim is to gain insights into the specific challenges faced by teachers and to identify areas for improvement in facilitating the educational pursuits of students with visual impairment. Data was collected from a group of ten secondary school teachers working in general and special students' classrooms (5 from each) using interviews as a qualitative research technique. The results show that teachers face a number of significant challenges, such as a lack of specialized training in teaching students with visual impairment, lack of motivation on the part of teachers, limited access to resources and assistive technology, challenges in adapting lesson plans, communication and collaboration barriers with parents and the community. This study adds to the existing literature by providing valuable insights in the form of the experiences and perspectives of teachers,
The acquisition of the English articles is one of the most difficult areas for the second languag... more The acquisition of the English articles is one of the most difficult areas for the second language learners particularly when there are no articles in the first language of the learners. The purpose of this study is to investigate the difficulties in acquisition and use of the English articles. The study aims at identifying the errors the EFL learners make in using the English articles. Two theoretical approaches regarding noun classification for articles choice were adopted in this study. The data were collected in the form of a gap-fill task from seventy five (75) adult Pashto learners of English. The results showed the students used the definite article ‘the’ and the indefinite article ‘a/an’ more often than the zero article Ø. In noun types, a few subjects made errors in using articles before count nouns. In the noun phrase environments, the lowest error rate was in referential indefinite while the highest error rate was in generics. The reasons for difficulties in acquiring and...
This study investigates race as a social construct, racial discrimination and its normalization i... more This study investigates race as a social construct, racial discrimination and its normalization in American society. The researcher investigates the issues by critically analyzing The Bluest Eye (1970) by Morrison and claims that the notion of racism is created by people to maintain white supremacy on the blacks. Racism has become a normal thing because people have to experience it on daily basis. Prejudiced attitude of white people towards blacks shows that racism has no biological or rational basis rather it is a self-created notion based on their hatred towards people of color. The research is qualitative descriptive in nature and the critical race theory (1970) by Delgado and Stefancic is chosen as a theoretical framework for this research. The researcher has concluded that racism is strongly embedded in the minds of people and that they are unable to avoid it by recognizing it a real menace of society. The characters of The Bluest Eye (1970) by Morrison show their prejudiced attitude towards people of color because it is inculcated in their minds that black people are not normal human being and thus do not deserve to be treated well and equally. Consequently, its everyday experience has normalized racism in American society because no one recognizes it as a serious issue which needs to be recognized and addressed properly to ensure equality for the people of color in white dominant societies.
Pashto-an Interdisciplinary Bilingual Quarterly Research Journal
This paper compares and contrasts the common themes that exist in the poems of B.P. Shelley (Engl... more This paper compares and contrasts the common themes that exist in the poems of B.P. Shelley (English poet) and Rahmat Shah Sail (Pashto poet). Both the poets are juxtaposed in relation to lyricism in general, and revolution and melancholy in particular. The paper finds revolution and melancholy as the common traits found in the poetry of the poets concerned. However, these common themes are of different nature and having different backgrounds, different contexts and different cultures. It is why they are contrasted with each other.
This study compares two ESL classrooms to examine the outcomes of translanguaging and
traditional... more This study compares two ESL classrooms to examine the outcomes of translanguaging and traditional language instruction as pedagogical strategies. In one classroom, translanguaging is used as a teaching method, whereas traditional language instruction (monolingual instruction) is used in the other. Based on Cummins’ Iceberg Theory of Language Acquisition (1999), the study provides insight into the possible advantages of using students' native languages in ESL classroom instruction, as well as its impacts on overall English language performance. A quasi-experimental design was adopted for this study. A sample of 60 students of 10th class was divided into two groups; experimental group, the class which was taught English using translanguaging technique and controlled group, the class that used the traditional (monolingual) method of teaching English. Both the classes were taught the same course. Data was gathered at the end of the course from the assessment of both classes on the levels of language competence, class participation, and overall performance in the ESL course. The findings showed that, in comparison to their counterparts in the traditional monolingual classroom, students in the translanguaging classroom demonstrated improved language learning and competence, better class participation, and higher overall performance. This research emphasizes how crucial it is for educational institutions to value linguistic diversity. It promotes a more inclusive method of teaching ESL while acknowledging the possible advantages of using students' native languages as a useful instrument for English language learning.
The original intent of the feminist movement in America and Europe was to give men and women the ... more The original intent of the feminist movement in America and Europe was to give men and women the same rights. In Pakistani culture and norms, women are already treated with respect. But when Western feminism spread to Pakistan, women started to assert themselves because they felt they had the full backing of Western nations, the media, NGOs, the amended legislation, and elite groups in society. They continued to abuse cultural norms under the guise of feminism to call for supremacy over males rather than equality. Rights for women should be granted, but not at the expense of rights for men or at abuse of cultural norms. Using observation as a descriptive research method of various phenomena, I argue that Pakistani society has been negatively impacted by Western feminism and that women are now seeking supremacy rather than equality. At the end I offer a reconciliatory solution for the dual conflict of women rights with men's rights on one side and cultural norms on the other.
, which investigates the use of politeness markers and strategies by male and female students wit... more , which investigates the use of politeness markers and strategies by male and female students within the coeducation system. Employing qualitative method, the research analyzes recorded discourses of undergraduate students to explore potential gender differences in linguistic politeness. The study's main focus is to determine whether the coeducation environment influences students' linguistic politeness. Utilizing the politeness theory proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987), the research involved 60 participants using a stratified sampling technique. The comparative analysis of three gender groupsmales-only discourse, females-only discourse, and mixed gender group discourse-revealed that the mixed gender group demonstrated a higher usage of politeness markers and employed more strategies to save face for their interlocutors. Based on these findings, the study concludes that coeducation positively impacts linguistic politeness among university students.
Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
This research gives an overview of the existing gender differences prevalent in our society by ex... more This research gives an overview of the existing gender differences prevalent in our society by exemplifying how even our educational textbooks are not devoid of these dissimilarities. The goal of the study is to thoroughly compare the representations of both genders in the two textbooks of Punjab used for classes i.e. 4th and 5th. The study aims to investigate how the women are treated differently in the ESL Textbooks taught in primary sections of the schools of Punjab. It evaluates the reasons of why the women are treated stereotypically in the same books. Through content analysis, the results indicated that both textbooks had a gender-biased approach. Simultaneously, it discovered somewhat fixed attitudes on characteristics, professions, and activities appropriate for individuals of both sexes. The findings also confirmed the reality that women, in the textbooks are not described as valuable as men. The recommendations have also been offered at the end of this study on the basis of findings in order to accentuate the need to revisit the material in ESL textbooks prescribed by Punjab Textbook Board that would contribute to the improvement of the English textbooks in order to curb the effects of existing stereotyping material.
The acquisition of the English articles is one of the most difficult areas for the second languag... more The acquisition of the English articles is one of the most difficult areas for the second language learners particularly when there are no articles in the first language of the learners. The purpose of this study is to investigate the difficulties in acquisition and use of the English articles. The study aims at identifying the errors the EFL learners make in using the English articles. Two theoretical approaches regarding noun classification for articles choice were adopted in this study. The data were collected in the form of a gap-fill task from 75 adult Pashto learners of English. The results showed the students used the definite article 'the' and the indefinite article 'a/an' more often than the zero article Ø. In noun types, a few subjects made errors in using articles before count nouns. In the noun phrase environments, the lowest error rate was in referential indefinite while the highest error rate was in generics. The reasons for difficulties in acquiring and using the English articles were found to be mainly the identification of noun types, NPs environments, and language transfer.
The underlying reasons for the difficulties in use of the English articles for EFL learners: an a... more The underlying reasons for the difficulties in use of the English articles for EFL learners: an analysis based on the learners' experiences.
The acquisition of the English articles is one of the most difficult areas for the second languag... more The acquisition of the English articles is one of the most difficult areas for the second language learners particularly when there are no articles in the first language of the learners. The purpose of this study is to investigate the difficulties in acquisition and use of the English articles. The study aims at identifying the errors the EFL learners make in using the English articles. Two theoretical approaches regarding noun classification for articles choice were adopted in this study. The data were collected in the form of a gap-fill task from 75 adult Pashto learners of English. The results showed the students used the definite article 'the' and the indefinite article 'a/an' more often than the zero article Ø. In noun types, a few subjects made errors in using articles before count nouns. In the noun phrase environments, the lowest error rate was in referential indefinite while the highest error rate was in generics. The reasons for difficulties in acquiring and using the English articles were found to be mainly the identification of noun types, NPs environments, and language transfer.
This study examines the challenges encountered by teachers in effectively addressing the educatio... more This study examines the challenges encountered by teachers in effectively addressing the educational needs of students with visual impairment in inclusive classroom environment. The aim is to gain insights into the specific challenges faced by teachers and to identify areas for improvement in facilitating the educational pursuits of students with visual impairment. Data was collected from a group of ten secondary school teachers working in general and special students' classrooms (5 from each) using interviews as a qualitative research technique. The results show that teachers face a number of significant challenges, such as a lack of specialized training in teaching students with visual impairment, lack of motivation on the part of teachers, limited access to resources and assistive technology, challenges in adapting lesson plans, communication and collaboration barriers with parents and the community. This study adds to the existing literature by providing valuable insights in the form of the experiences and perspectives of teachers,
The acquisition of the English articles is one of the most difficult areas for the second languag... more The acquisition of the English articles is one of the most difficult areas for the second language learners particularly when there are no articles in the first language of the learners. The purpose of this study is to investigate the difficulties in acquisition and use of the English articles. The study aims at identifying the errors the EFL learners make in using the English articles. Two theoretical approaches regarding noun classification for articles choice were adopted in this study. The data were collected in the form of a gap-fill task from seventy five (75) adult Pashto learners of English. The results showed the students used the definite article ‘the’ and the indefinite article ‘a/an’ more often than the zero article Ø. In noun types, a few subjects made errors in using articles before count nouns. In the noun phrase environments, the lowest error rate was in referential indefinite while the highest error rate was in generics. The reasons for difficulties in acquiring and...
This study investigates race as a social construct, racial discrimination and its normalization i... more This study investigates race as a social construct, racial discrimination and its normalization in American society. The researcher investigates the issues by critically analyzing The Bluest Eye (1970) by Morrison and claims that the notion of racism is created by people to maintain white supremacy on the blacks. Racism has become a normal thing because people have to experience it on daily basis. Prejudiced attitude of white people towards blacks shows that racism has no biological or rational basis rather it is a self-created notion based on their hatred towards people of color. The research is qualitative descriptive in nature and the critical race theory (1970) by Delgado and Stefancic is chosen as a theoretical framework for this research. The researcher has concluded that racism is strongly embedded in the minds of people and that they are unable to avoid it by recognizing it a real menace of society. The characters of The Bluest Eye (1970) by Morrison show their prejudiced attitude towards people of color because it is inculcated in their minds that black people are not normal human being and thus do not deserve to be treated well and equally. Consequently, its everyday experience has normalized racism in American society because no one recognizes it as a serious issue which needs to be recognized and addressed properly to ensure equality for the people of color in white dominant societies.
Pashto-an Interdisciplinary Bilingual Quarterly Research Journal
This paper compares and contrasts the common themes that exist in the poems of B.P. Shelley (Engl... more This paper compares and contrasts the common themes that exist in the poems of B.P. Shelley (English poet) and Rahmat Shah Sail (Pashto poet). Both the poets are juxtaposed in relation to lyricism in general, and revolution and melancholy in particular. The paper finds revolution and melancholy as the common traits found in the poetry of the poets concerned. However, these common themes are of different nature and having different backgrounds, different contexts and different cultures. It is why they are contrasted with each other.
This study compares two ESL classrooms to examine the outcomes of translanguaging and
traditional... more This study compares two ESL classrooms to examine the outcomes of translanguaging and traditional language instruction as pedagogical strategies. In one classroom, translanguaging is used as a teaching method, whereas traditional language instruction (monolingual instruction) is used in the other. Based on Cummins’ Iceberg Theory of Language Acquisition (1999), the study provides insight into the possible advantages of using students' native languages in ESL classroom instruction, as well as its impacts on overall English language performance. A quasi-experimental design was adopted for this study. A sample of 60 students of 10th class was divided into two groups; experimental group, the class which was taught English using translanguaging technique and controlled group, the class that used the traditional (monolingual) method of teaching English. Both the classes were taught the same course. Data was gathered at the end of the course from the assessment of both classes on the levels of language competence, class participation, and overall performance in the ESL course. The findings showed that, in comparison to their counterparts in the traditional monolingual classroom, students in the translanguaging classroom demonstrated improved language learning and competence, better class participation, and higher overall performance. This research emphasizes how crucial it is for educational institutions to value linguistic diversity. It promotes a more inclusive method of teaching ESL while acknowledging the possible advantages of using students' native languages as a useful instrument for English language learning.
The original intent of the feminist movement in America and Europe was to give men and women the ... more The original intent of the feminist movement in America and Europe was to give men and women the same rights. In Pakistani culture and norms, women are already treated with respect. But when Western feminism spread to Pakistan, women started to assert themselves because they felt they had the full backing of Western nations, the media, NGOs, the amended legislation, and elite groups in society. They continued to abuse cultural norms under the guise of feminism to call for supremacy over males rather than equality. Rights for women should be granted, but not at the expense of rights for men or at abuse of cultural norms. Using observation as a descriptive research method of various phenomena, I argue that Pakistani society has been negatively impacted by Western feminism and that women are now seeking supremacy rather than equality. At the end I offer a reconciliatory solution for the dual conflict of women rights with men's rights on one side and cultural norms on the other.
, which investigates the use of politeness markers and strategies by male and female students wit... more , which investigates the use of politeness markers and strategies by male and female students within the coeducation system. Employing qualitative method, the research analyzes recorded discourses of undergraduate students to explore potential gender differences in linguistic politeness. The study's main focus is to determine whether the coeducation environment influences students' linguistic politeness. Utilizing the politeness theory proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987), the research involved 60 participants using a stratified sampling technique. The comparative analysis of three gender groupsmales-only discourse, females-only discourse, and mixed gender group discourse-revealed that the mixed gender group demonstrated a higher usage of politeness markers and employed more strategies to save face for their interlocutors. Based on these findings, the study concludes that coeducation positively impacts linguistic politeness among university students.
Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
This research gives an overview of the existing gender differences prevalent in our society by ex... more This research gives an overview of the existing gender differences prevalent in our society by exemplifying how even our educational textbooks are not devoid of these dissimilarities. The goal of the study is to thoroughly compare the representations of both genders in the two textbooks of Punjab used for classes i.e. 4th and 5th. The study aims to investigate how the women are treated differently in the ESL Textbooks taught in primary sections of the schools of Punjab. It evaluates the reasons of why the women are treated stereotypically in the same books. Through content analysis, the results indicated that both textbooks had a gender-biased approach. Simultaneously, it discovered somewhat fixed attitudes on characteristics, professions, and activities appropriate for individuals of both sexes. The findings also confirmed the reality that women, in the textbooks are not described as valuable as men. The recommendations have also been offered at the end of this study on the basis of findings in order to accentuate the need to revisit the material in ESL textbooks prescribed by Punjab Textbook Board that would contribute to the improvement of the English textbooks in order to curb the effects of existing stereotyping material.
The acquisition of the English articles is one of the most difficult areas for the second languag... more The acquisition of the English articles is one of the most difficult areas for the second language learners particularly when there are no articles in the first language of the learners. The purpose of this study is to investigate the difficulties in acquisition and use of the English articles. The study aims at identifying the errors the EFL learners make in using the English articles. Two theoretical approaches regarding noun classification for articles choice were adopted in this study. The data were collected in the form of a gap-fill task from 75 adult Pashto learners of English. The results showed the students used the definite article 'the' and the indefinite article 'a/an' more often than the zero article Ø. In noun types, a few subjects made errors in using articles before count nouns. In the noun phrase environments, the lowest error rate was in referential indefinite while the highest error rate was in generics. The reasons for difficulties in acquiring and using the English articles were found to be mainly the identification of noun types, NPs environments, and language transfer.
The underlying reasons for the difficulties in use of the English articles for EFL learners: an a... more The underlying reasons for the difficulties in use of the English articles for EFL learners: an analysis based on the learners' experiences.
The acquisition of the English articles is one of the most difficult areas for the second languag... more The acquisition of the English articles is one of the most difficult areas for the second language learners particularly when there are no articles in the first language of the learners. The purpose of this study is to investigate the difficulties in acquisition and use of the English articles. The study aims at identifying the errors the EFL learners make in using the English articles. Two theoretical approaches regarding noun classification for articles choice were adopted in this study. The data were collected in the form of a gap-fill task from 75 adult Pashto learners of English. The results showed the students used the definite article 'the' and the indefinite article 'a/an' more often than the zero article Ø. In noun types, a few subjects made errors in using articles before count nouns. In the noun phrase environments, the lowest error rate was in referential indefinite while the highest error rate was in generics. The reasons for difficulties in acquiring and using the English articles were found to be mainly the identification of noun types, NPs environments, and language transfer.
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Papers by Khalil Ahmad
American society. The researcher investigates the issues by critically analyzing The Bluest Eye (1970) by
Morrison and claims that the notion of racism is created by people to maintain white supremacy on the blacks.
Racism has become a normal thing because people have to experience it on daily basis. Prejudiced attitude of
white people towards blacks shows that racism has no biological or rational basis rather it is a self-created
notion based on their hatred towards people of color. The research is qualitative descriptive in nature and the
critical race theory (1970) by Delgado and Stefancic is chosen as a theoretical framework for this research. The
researcher has concluded that racism is strongly embedded in the minds of people and that they are unable to
avoid it by recognizing it a real menace of society. The characters of The Bluest Eye (1970) by Morrison show
their prejudiced attitude towards people of color because it is inculcated in their minds that black people are not
normal human being and thus do not deserve to be treated well and equally. Consequently, its everyday
experience has normalized racism in American society because no one recognizes it as a serious issue which
needs to be recognized and addressed properly to ensure equality for the people of color in white dominant
societies.
traditional language instruction as pedagogical strategies. In one classroom, translanguaging is used as a
teaching method, whereas traditional language instruction (monolingual instruction) is used in the other. Based
on Cummins’ Iceberg Theory of Language Acquisition (1999), the study provides insight into the possible
advantages of using students' native languages in ESL classroom instruction, as well as its impacts on overall
English language performance. A quasi-experimental design was adopted for this study. A sample of 60 students
of 10th class was divided into two groups; experimental group, the class which was taught English using
translanguaging technique and controlled group, the class that used the traditional (monolingual) method of
teaching English. Both the classes were taught the same course. Data was gathered at the end of the course from
the assessment of both classes on the levels of language competence, class participation, and overall performance
in the ESL course. The findings showed that, in comparison to their counterparts in the traditional monolingual
classroom, students in the translanguaging classroom demonstrated improved language learning and
competence, better class participation, and higher overall performance. This research emphasizes how crucial it
is for educational institutions to value linguistic diversity. It promotes a more inclusive method of teaching ESL
while acknowledging the possible advantages of using students' native languages as a useful instrument for
English language learning.
American society. The researcher investigates the issues by critically analyzing The Bluest Eye (1970) by
Morrison and claims that the notion of racism is created by people to maintain white supremacy on the blacks.
Racism has become a normal thing because people have to experience it on daily basis. Prejudiced attitude of
white people towards blacks shows that racism has no biological or rational basis rather it is a self-created
notion based on their hatred towards people of color. The research is qualitative descriptive in nature and the
critical race theory (1970) by Delgado and Stefancic is chosen as a theoretical framework for this research. The
researcher has concluded that racism is strongly embedded in the minds of people and that they are unable to
avoid it by recognizing it a real menace of society. The characters of The Bluest Eye (1970) by Morrison show
their prejudiced attitude towards people of color because it is inculcated in their minds that black people are not
normal human being and thus do not deserve to be treated well and equally. Consequently, its everyday
experience has normalized racism in American society because no one recognizes it as a serious issue which
needs to be recognized and addressed properly to ensure equality for the people of color in white dominant
societies.
traditional language instruction as pedagogical strategies. In one classroom, translanguaging is used as a
teaching method, whereas traditional language instruction (monolingual instruction) is used in the other. Based
on Cummins’ Iceberg Theory of Language Acquisition (1999), the study provides insight into the possible
advantages of using students' native languages in ESL classroom instruction, as well as its impacts on overall
English language performance. A quasi-experimental design was adopted for this study. A sample of 60 students
of 10th class was divided into two groups; experimental group, the class which was taught English using
translanguaging technique and controlled group, the class that used the traditional (monolingual) method of
teaching English. Both the classes were taught the same course. Data was gathered at the end of the course from
the assessment of both classes on the levels of language competence, class participation, and overall performance
in the ESL course. The findings showed that, in comparison to their counterparts in the traditional monolingual
classroom, students in the translanguaging classroom demonstrated improved language learning and
competence, better class participation, and higher overall performance. This research emphasizes how crucial it
is for educational institutions to value linguistic diversity. It promotes a more inclusive method of teaching ESL
while acknowledging the possible advantages of using students' native languages as a useful instrument for
English language learning.