Arts

Soon after the canonization of St. Carlo Borromeo, Cardinal Benedetto Giustiniani commissioned Lorenzo Garbieri to create three paintings for one of the chapels in the newly-erected Barnabite church of San Paolo Maggiore in the center of Bologna, with scenes taken from the new saint's life. This was the first chapel to be decorated in the church. Here, as will be argued below, one may find the seeds of what eventually became common in representations of the saint: Barnabite propaganda meant to accentuate not only the saint himself and his important altruistic deeds, but also the order's part in those deeds, as well as the connections between the saint and the Barnabites. An emphasis is given to the Barnabites' participation in the very deeds that became associated with the saint and through which he became known during his lifetime as a living saint.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, * Research conducted for this study was supported by the Israel Science Foundation (Grant no. 312/14). 1 Malvasia mentions additional depictions of Borromeo by painters discussed in this article. One example is Brizio's Madonna and Child with St Francis and St Carlo, which was made for the Church of San Antonio Abate. See Malvasia, Felsina Pittrice, i, 539. For a further discussion of Borromeo's fame and the many representations of his portrait in art, see Aresi, Panegirici fatti in diverse occasioni, pp. 41-42.

Abstract

Erna Michel Haggadah (here forward E.M.H) was mostly written, probably, in the first quarter of the 15th Century and the last quire in the middle of the 15th century. The haggadah was written by one scriber, even though there is difference in time between the first and second part, who also determined the decoration program. There are a few illuminators and the scriber is probably one of them.

This research shows that E.M.H. was created in Bohemia or a reign influenced by the 'beautiful Style' in the beginning of the 15th century. The Ashkenazi influence is also recognized from the codicology, paleography, text and customs.
E.M.H. represent the attitude of Ashkenazi jews treats customs and text. On one hand they follow the traditions of their time and on the other hand they add customs that are unique to their congregation. The scriber uses for the text of the haggadah the versions from Mishna, Talmud and antiquity writings. Only in the last quire the taxes appears for the first time in the 15th centuries Haggadot.
The scriber approach toward customs is different then that of the text. He brings customs that are accepted in his own time. Rarely he writes new and old customs together. Customs appears as part of the text, border decoration or full-page illustrations as an writen instruction. In the last quire words in Yiddish and Italian (Hebrew letters) suggest contact with north Italy, a subject that is beyond the scope of this research.
The decoration program- initial word panels, border and full- page illustration, shows influence of the 'beautiful Style especially in border and full-page illustration. Another influence is jewish manuscripts, especially ones that where made in Constant lake, that influenced the composition of Hebrides in the initial word panels.