Özet Shweder ve diğerleri (1997), Kohlberg'in (1971) ahlakın evrenselliği ve en önemli erdemin ad... more Özet Shweder ve diğerleri (1997), Kohlberg'in (1971) ahlakın evrenselliği ve en önemli erdemin adalet olduğu varsayımlarını reddetmişler ve farklı kültürlerde farklı derecelerde önemsenen "ahlakın üç temel etiği"ni önererek kültürel çeşitliliği varsaymışlardır. Walker ve Pitts (1998) ise, bugünkü ahlak araştırmalarının bir eksiğinin sıradan insanın doğal ahlak kavramsallaştırmalarının çalışılmaması olduğunu ifade etmektedirler. Bu araştırmanın amacı, toplumumuzda ahlakın nasıl kavramsallaştırıldığına ve bu kavramsallaştırmaların Shweder'in üç etik koduyla nasıl ilişkilendiğine bakmaktır. Bu araştırma üç aşamadan oluşmaktadır. Çalışma 1 kapsamında katılımcılardan açık uçlu olarak ahlak/ahlaksızlık/ ahlaklı insan-erkek-kadın/ahlaksız insan-erkek-kadını tanımlamaları istenmiştir. Kodlanan cevaplar, tanımlanan bu altı hedef arasında bazı ortaklıklara ve farklılıklara işaret etmektedir. En fazla atıfta bulunan kategori, toplumsal kurallar ve roller olmuştur. Çalışma 2 için, Çalışma 1'den elde edilen kategorilerden "Bana Göre Ahlak Envanteri" (BGA) oluşturulmuştur. BGA'ya verilen cevapların oluşturduğu örüntüler, Shweder ve diğerlerinin öne sürdüğü üç etik koduyla benzerlikler göstermiştir. Bu paralellikleri incelemek üzere Çalışma 3 çerçevesinde, üç etik kodunu ölçmeye yönelik olan Etik Dünya Görüşü anketi ile BGA Envanteri arasındaki ilişki tanımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri de kullanarak incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar, ülkemizde ahlakın kavramsallaştrılmasında Shweder'in üç etik koduna benzer bir yapı ortaya çıktığını ve oluşturduğumuz BGA Envanterinin güvenilir ve geçerli bir ölçüm yöntemi olduğunu göstermektedir.
Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, Jul 1, 2001
The two studies reported in this paper comprise the Turkish Early Enrichment Project (TEEP) spann... more The two studies reported in this paper comprise the Turkish Early Enrichment Project (TEEP) spanning a period of 10 years. Both studies were conducted with mothers and children in low-income, low-education areas of Istanbul. Study 1 involved an examination over 4 years of the effects of two different types of early enrichment (intervention), child-focused (center-based) and mother-focused (home-based). Study 2 was a follow-up of Study 1, 7 years after the end of project intervention. Although both interventions produced superior cognitive skills and school adjustment at the end of the program, follow-up assessments in Study 2 revealed that parent-focused intervention had numerous sustained effects in terms of school attainment, higher primary school grades and vocabulary scores, more favorable attitudes towards school, and better family and social adjustment, while most effects of center-based intervention had dissipated (with the notable exception of negative effects of custodial, as opposed to educational, day care). It is concluded that home-based early enrichment through the mediation of the mother is a highly effective strategy with multiple positive outcomes in contexts of socioeconomic disadvantage.
This study investigates continuity and change in child-rearing attitudes and intrafamily status o... more This study investigates continuity and change in child-rearing attitudes and intrafamily status of the woman in urban middle class Türkiye. A group of 75 women responded to questions about values attributed to children, preference for children's sex, and woman's status in relation to the husband. Findings indicate a decrease in the economic value and an increase in the psychological value of children, together with a decrease in boy preference and an increase in girl preference. Contrary to previous research, old age security is more often mentioned as a reason for preferring girls than for preferring boys. Compared to the past, women are more involved in decision-making in urban families. Equalitarian intrafamily relations, with increased shared decision- making, communication, and role sharing between spouses, are associated with lower levels of fertility.
Social and Personality Psychology Compass, Jun 29, 2009
To prepare a basis for a new model of morality, theories in the psychology of morality are review... more To prepare a basis for a new model of morality, theories in the psychology of morality are reviewed, comparing those put forward before and after the emergence of evolutionary psychology in the last quarter of the 20th century. Concepts of embodied sociality and reciprocal ...
Claims of universality for Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) require extensive cross-cultural valida... more Claims of universality for Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) require extensive cross-cultural validation. The present study aims to (1) develop Turkish versions of three instruments used to research MFT (MFQ, MFQL, MSQ); (2) assess the psychometric properties of the Turkish instruments; (3) test the assumptions of the theory against findings from the instruments in Turkish culture. Three independently translated versions of the MFQ were administered to three samples totaling 1432 respondents. Results were consistent across samples. Internal reliability was satisfactory. CFA indicated a best fit for a 5-factor solution despite low fit indices and high error coefficients. EFA yielded a 3-factor solution, which did not replicate the 2-factor Bindividualizingâ nd Bbinding^factors found in U.S. samples. CFA and EFA with the MSQ produced 2-factor solutions which also did not align with the individualizing-binding dichotomy. Meaningful relations between the moral foundations and scores on political orientation and religiosity supported the validity of the measures in Turkish culture.
Introduction: The attachment theory proposes a highly useful foundation for understanding the eff... more Introduction: The attachment theory proposes a highly useful foundation for understanding the effects of child abuse and its relational consequences. Although the literature on child abuse and its relation with attachment styles is extensive in developed countries there are relatively few studies on this issue in developing countries. Objective: The aim of the present study is to investigate the relation between child abuse and attachment styles in Turkish culture. Method: Relationship Scale Questionnaire and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire were applied to 1008 volunteer students from 8 different universities in Istanbul. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted to investigate child abuse as a predictor of attachment pattern. This study is part of a larger study which investigates attachment patterns as a mediator between child abuse and psychopathology. Results: Physical abuse explained approximately 3% of the variance in fearful attachment, 2% of the variance in preoccupied attachment, and 1% of the variance in dismissing attachment. Conclusions: Although there are correlations between sub-types of child abuse and insecure attachment patterns, only physical abuse is a significant predictor. the findings of this research may be useful for mental health professionals who work with young adults.
International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Jul 1, 2013
Abstract The present study explored attitudes of a majority group, Turks, toward dialog with two ... more Abstract The present study explored attitudes of a majority group, Turks, toward dialog with two minority groups, Kurds and Armenians, in Turkey. We examined whether Turks would be equally likely to avoid discussing inequality (power talk) in imaginary dialogs with Kurds and Armenians, two groups that while equally devalued differ in their likelihood of being considered ingroup members. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that because Turks share a common religious identity with Kurds but not with Armenians, they would be more ...
Peace is a state of being that encompasses harmonious international as well as intra- and interpe... more Peace is a state of being that encompasses harmonious international as well as intra- and interpersonal relationships, directly impacting an individual’s safety and prosperity. For an individual, peace is a positive “state of mind” conditioned by our histories and context. The concept “ecology of peace” is introduced to capture these vast interconnected ecosystems that extend from our internal biology to our subjective sense of self (i.e., our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors) to the environments in which we live. It is our thesis that positive, stimulating, and harmonious early childhoods can contribute to peace and human security, and that early-life interventions have transformative power which may help lay the foundations for confl ict resolution and peace in future generations. As such, we posit that these interventions can contribute to “peacebuilding” (actions that promote sustainable peace by supporting the prosocial skills needed for peace) as well as “peacemaking” through the enhancement of positive reciprocal communication within families, communities, and nations. This chapter reviews (a) neurobiological foundations of peace, including genetic, epigenetic, hormonal, developmental, and social factors that shape young brains; (b) the importance of parenting and early learning for peacebuilding; and (c) the place that early childhood can play in bridging the gap between peacebuilding and peacemaking. Evidence from available developmental neurobiology as well as social and economic studies suggests that change in favor of peace can be initiated not only from the top down, through official policies and agencies, but also from the bottom up, by supporting the physical, emotional, and social development of children and the well-being of their families and communities.
Social and Personality Psychology Compass, Nov 27, 2009
It is also possible that your web browser is not configured or not able to display style sheets. ... more It is also possible that your web browser is not configured or not able to display style sheets. In this case, although the visual presentation will be degraded, the site should continue to be functional. We recommend using the latest version of Microsoft or Mozilla web browser to ...
A sample of 152 Turkish university students responded to a questionnaire regarding their attitude... more A sample of 152 Turkish university students responded to a questionnaire regarding their attitudes toward their elderly relatives. Attitudes toward elderly relatives and their presence in the home were generally positive, as would be expected in a traditional society. However, students' plans for their own old age indicated an orientation toward personal freedom and independence, rather than tradition. Males were more likely than females to foresee living with their children in old age, and females were more likely than males to mention a desire for independence. It was concluded that the extended family is losing its status as the ideal family type in Turkey, although close, cooperative family relations are still regarded as the norm.
The study has a double purpose: to introduce a clarifying theoretical framework for the study of ... more The study has a double purpose: to introduce a clarifying theoretical framework for the study of justice norms, and to test the theory cross-culturally. It is proposed that the structure of an interaction situation determines the form of the justice norms which will be applied, such that reciprocity will be the governing norm in direct exchanges and equity will be the governing norm in mediated interactions. The hypotheses were tested in male and female high school students, in four 2 × 2 factorial designs, two each for a Turkish sample (N = 68) and an American sample (N = 69), with differentiation of inputs and outcomes as the independent variables. The hypotheses were in the main supported. Turkish and American responses were similar in the direct interaction conditions, although differences were observed in the mediated interaction conditions.
&... more "The aim of the research reported in this chapter was to investigate the relationship to self-esteem of child-rearing practices of mothers and fathers in three generations of urban middle class Turkish families. A second aim was to investigate similarities and differences between mothers and fathers with regard to several dimensions in their parenting practices with sons and daughters – in other words, to examine the role of both sex of parent and sex of child in parenting practices."
The functional theory of attitudes was applied to the problem of interpersonal perception and ste... more The functional theory of attitudes was applied to the problem of interpersonal perception and stereotyping in power relationships to predict the content of stereotypes of subordinated groups. An examination of stereotypes of women in the United States and Turkey tested the following three hypotheses: (1) Both American and Turkish males will attribute the predicted stereotyped traits more to women than to men, (2) Turks will perceive greater differences between the sexes than will Americans, (3) Turkish males and females will agree more closely on the characteristics of women than will American males and females. The first two hypotheses were supported, while the third was rejected. A time-lag model of ideological change was suggested to explain the failure to support the third hypothesis.
... Aller-dings ergab sich aus Studien über die Geschlechtsstereotypen in der Türkei nur wenig Be... more ... Aller-dings ergab sich aus Studien über die Geschlechtsstereotypen in der Türkei nur wenig Bestäti-gung für diese Einteilung. ... daß die männlichen Befragten die Stereotypen in größerem Umfang guthießen als die weiblichen-ein Ergebnis, das von Gürbüz weitgehend bestätigt ...
Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, Nov 1, 2009
Long-term studies of early intervention, spanning over decades, are scarce in the United States a... more Long-term studies of early intervention, spanning over decades, are scarce in the United States and nonexistent in the rest of the world. The Turkish Early Enrichment Project (TEEP) is the only non-U.S. example to date. This paper reports a new follow-up assessment of the long-term outcomes of TEEP, an intervention carried out in 1983-1985 with 4-6 year old children from deprived backgrounds (previous evaluations were carried out at the completion of the intervention and seven years later). Findings from 131 of the original 255 participants indicate more favorable outcomes for children who received either mother training or educational preschool, or both, compared to those who had neither, in terms of educational attainment, occupational status, age of beginning gainful employment, and some indicators of integration into modern urban life, such as owning a computer. Further analyses of the intervention effects on the complete post-intervention developmental trajectories indicated that children whose cognitive deficits prior to the intervention were mild to moderate but not severe benefited from early enrichment. Thus, a majority of the children who received early enrichment had more favorable trajectories of development into young adulthood in the cognitive/achievement and social developmental domains than comparable children who did not receive enrichment.
Özet Shweder ve diğerleri (1997), Kohlberg'in (1971) ahlakın evrenselliği ve en önemli erdemin ad... more Özet Shweder ve diğerleri (1997), Kohlberg'in (1971) ahlakın evrenselliği ve en önemli erdemin adalet olduğu varsayımlarını reddetmişler ve farklı kültürlerde farklı derecelerde önemsenen "ahlakın üç temel etiği"ni önererek kültürel çeşitliliği varsaymışlardır. Walker ve Pitts (1998) ise, bugünkü ahlak araştırmalarının bir eksiğinin sıradan insanın doğal ahlak kavramsallaştırmalarının çalışılmaması olduğunu ifade etmektedirler. Bu araştırmanın amacı, toplumumuzda ahlakın nasıl kavramsallaştırıldığına ve bu kavramsallaştırmaların Shweder'in üç etik koduyla nasıl ilişkilendiğine bakmaktır. Bu araştırma üç aşamadan oluşmaktadır. Çalışma 1 kapsamında katılımcılardan açık uçlu olarak ahlak/ahlaksızlık/ ahlaklı insan-erkek-kadın/ahlaksız insan-erkek-kadını tanımlamaları istenmiştir. Kodlanan cevaplar, tanımlanan bu altı hedef arasında bazı ortaklıklara ve farklılıklara işaret etmektedir. En fazla atıfta bulunan kategori, toplumsal kurallar ve roller olmuştur. Çalışma 2 için, Çalışma 1'den elde edilen kategorilerden "Bana Göre Ahlak Envanteri" (BGA) oluşturulmuştur. BGA'ya verilen cevapların oluşturduğu örüntüler, Shweder ve diğerlerinin öne sürdüğü üç etik koduyla benzerlikler göstermiştir. Bu paralellikleri incelemek üzere Çalışma 3 çerçevesinde, üç etik kodunu ölçmeye yönelik olan Etik Dünya Görüşü anketi ile BGA Envanteri arasındaki ilişki tanımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri de kullanarak incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar, ülkemizde ahlakın kavramsallaştrılmasında Shweder'in üç etik koduna benzer bir yapı ortaya çıktığını ve oluşturduğumuz BGA Envanterinin güvenilir ve geçerli bir ölçüm yöntemi olduğunu göstermektedir.
Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, Jul 1, 2001
The two studies reported in this paper comprise the Turkish Early Enrichment Project (TEEP) spann... more The two studies reported in this paper comprise the Turkish Early Enrichment Project (TEEP) spanning a period of 10 years. Both studies were conducted with mothers and children in low-income, low-education areas of Istanbul. Study 1 involved an examination over 4 years of the effects of two different types of early enrichment (intervention), child-focused (center-based) and mother-focused (home-based). Study 2 was a follow-up of Study 1, 7 years after the end of project intervention. Although both interventions produced superior cognitive skills and school adjustment at the end of the program, follow-up assessments in Study 2 revealed that parent-focused intervention had numerous sustained effects in terms of school attainment, higher primary school grades and vocabulary scores, more favorable attitudes towards school, and better family and social adjustment, while most effects of center-based intervention had dissipated (with the notable exception of negative effects of custodial, as opposed to educational, day care). It is concluded that home-based early enrichment through the mediation of the mother is a highly effective strategy with multiple positive outcomes in contexts of socioeconomic disadvantage.
This study investigates continuity and change in child-rearing attitudes and intrafamily status o... more This study investigates continuity and change in child-rearing attitudes and intrafamily status of the woman in urban middle class Türkiye. A group of 75 women responded to questions about values attributed to children, preference for children's sex, and woman's status in relation to the husband. Findings indicate a decrease in the economic value and an increase in the psychological value of children, together with a decrease in boy preference and an increase in girl preference. Contrary to previous research, old age security is more often mentioned as a reason for preferring girls than for preferring boys. Compared to the past, women are more involved in decision-making in urban families. Equalitarian intrafamily relations, with increased shared decision- making, communication, and role sharing between spouses, are associated with lower levels of fertility.
Social and Personality Psychology Compass, Jun 29, 2009
To prepare a basis for a new model of morality, theories in the psychology of morality are review... more To prepare a basis for a new model of morality, theories in the psychology of morality are reviewed, comparing those put forward before and after the emergence of evolutionary psychology in the last quarter of the 20th century. Concepts of embodied sociality and reciprocal ...
Claims of universality for Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) require extensive cross-cultural valida... more Claims of universality for Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) require extensive cross-cultural validation. The present study aims to (1) develop Turkish versions of three instruments used to research MFT (MFQ, MFQL, MSQ); (2) assess the psychometric properties of the Turkish instruments; (3) test the assumptions of the theory against findings from the instruments in Turkish culture. Three independently translated versions of the MFQ were administered to three samples totaling 1432 respondents. Results were consistent across samples. Internal reliability was satisfactory. CFA indicated a best fit for a 5-factor solution despite low fit indices and high error coefficients. EFA yielded a 3-factor solution, which did not replicate the 2-factor Bindividualizingâ nd Bbinding^factors found in U.S. samples. CFA and EFA with the MSQ produced 2-factor solutions which also did not align with the individualizing-binding dichotomy. Meaningful relations between the moral foundations and scores on political orientation and religiosity supported the validity of the measures in Turkish culture.
Introduction: The attachment theory proposes a highly useful foundation for understanding the eff... more Introduction: The attachment theory proposes a highly useful foundation for understanding the effects of child abuse and its relational consequences. Although the literature on child abuse and its relation with attachment styles is extensive in developed countries there are relatively few studies on this issue in developing countries. Objective: The aim of the present study is to investigate the relation between child abuse and attachment styles in Turkish culture. Method: Relationship Scale Questionnaire and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire were applied to 1008 volunteer students from 8 different universities in Istanbul. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted to investigate child abuse as a predictor of attachment pattern. This study is part of a larger study which investigates attachment patterns as a mediator between child abuse and psychopathology. Results: Physical abuse explained approximately 3% of the variance in fearful attachment, 2% of the variance in preoccupied attachment, and 1% of the variance in dismissing attachment. Conclusions: Although there are correlations between sub-types of child abuse and insecure attachment patterns, only physical abuse is a significant predictor. the findings of this research may be useful for mental health professionals who work with young adults.
International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Jul 1, 2013
Abstract The present study explored attitudes of a majority group, Turks, toward dialog with two ... more Abstract The present study explored attitudes of a majority group, Turks, toward dialog with two minority groups, Kurds and Armenians, in Turkey. We examined whether Turks would be equally likely to avoid discussing inequality (power talk) in imaginary dialogs with Kurds and Armenians, two groups that while equally devalued differ in their likelihood of being considered ingroup members. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that because Turks share a common religious identity with Kurds but not with Armenians, they would be more ...
Peace is a state of being that encompasses harmonious international as well as intra- and interpe... more Peace is a state of being that encompasses harmonious international as well as intra- and interpersonal relationships, directly impacting an individual’s safety and prosperity. For an individual, peace is a positive “state of mind” conditioned by our histories and context. The concept “ecology of peace” is introduced to capture these vast interconnected ecosystems that extend from our internal biology to our subjective sense of self (i.e., our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors) to the environments in which we live. It is our thesis that positive, stimulating, and harmonious early childhoods can contribute to peace and human security, and that early-life interventions have transformative power which may help lay the foundations for confl ict resolution and peace in future generations. As such, we posit that these interventions can contribute to “peacebuilding” (actions that promote sustainable peace by supporting the prosocial skills needed for peace) as well as “peacemaking” through the enhancement of positive reciprocal communication within families, communities, and nations. This chapter reviews (a) neurobiological foundations of peace, including genetic, epigenetic, hormonal, developmental, and social factors that shape young brains; (b) the importance of parenting and early learning for peacebuilding; and (c) the place that early childhood can play in bridging the gap between peacebuilding and peacemaking. Evidence from available developmental neurobiology as well as social and economic studies suggests that change in favor of peace can be initiated not only from the top down, through official policies and agencies, but also from the bottom up, by supporting the physical, emotional, and social development of children and the well-being of their families and communities.
Social and Personality Psychology Compass, Nov 27, 2009
It is also possible that your web browser is not configured or not able to display style sheets. ... more It is also possible that your web browser is not configured or not able to display style sheets. In this case, although the visual presentation will be degraded, the site should continue to be functional. We recommend using the latest version of Microsoft or Mozilla web browser to ...
A sample of 152 Turkish university students responded to a questionnaire regarding their attitude... more A sample of 152 Turkish university students responded to a questionnaire regarding their attitudes toward their elderly relatives. Attitudes toward elderly relatives and their presence in the home were generally positive, as would be expected in a traditional society. However, students' plans for their own old age indicated an orientation toward personal freedom and independence, rather than tradition. Males were more likely than females to foresee living with their children in old age, and females were more likely than males to mention a desire for independence. It was concluded that the extended family is losing its status as the ideal family type in Turkey, although close, cooperative family relations are still regarded as the norm.
The study has a double purpose: to introduce a clarifying theoretical framework for the study of ... more The study has a double purpose: to introduce a clarifying theoretical framework for the study of justice norms, and to test the theory cross-culturally. It is proposed that the structure of an interaction situation determines the form of the justice norms which will be applied, such that reciprocity will be the governing norm in direct exchanges and equity will be the governing norm in mediated interactions. The hypotheses were tested in male and female high school students, in four 2 × 2 factorial designs, two each for a Turkish sample (N = 68) and an American sample (N = 69), with differentiation of inputs and outcomes as the independent variables. The hypotheses were in the main supported. Turkish and American responses were similar in the direct interaction conditions, although differences were observed in the mediated interaction conditions.
&... more "The aim of the research reported in this chapter was to investigate the relationship to self-esteem of child-rearing practices of mothers and fathers in three generations of urban middle class Turkish families. A second aim was to investigate similarities and differences between mothers and fathers with regard to several dimensions in their parenting practices with sons and daughters – in other words, to examine the role of both sex of parent and sex of child in parenting practices."
The functional theory of attitudes was applied to the problem of interpersonal perception and ste... more The functional theory of attitudes was applied to the problem of interpersonal perception and stereotyping in power relationships to predict the content of stereotypes of subordinated groups. An examination of stereotypes of women in the United States and Turkey tested the following three hypotheses: (1) Both American and Turkish males will attribute the predicted stereotyped traits more to women than to men, (2) Turks will perceive greater differences between the sexes than will Americans, (3) Turkish males and females will agree more closely on the characteristics of women than will American males and females. The first two hypotheses were supported, while the third was rejected. A time-lag model of ideological change was suggested to explain the failure to support the third hypothesis.
... Aller-dings ergab sich aus Studien über die Geschlechtsstereotypen in der Türkei nur wenig Be... more ... Aller-dings ergab sich aus Studien über die Geschlechtsstereotypen in der Türkei nur wenig Bestäti-gung für diese Einteilung. ... daß die männlichen Befragten die Stereotypen in größerem Umfang guthießen als die weiblichen-ein Ergebnis, das von Gürbüz weitgehend bestätigt ...
Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, Nov 1, 2009
Long-term studies of early intervention, spanning over decades, are scarce in the United States a... more Long-term studies of early intervention, spanning over decades, are scarce in the United States and nonexistent in the rest of the world. The Turkish Early Enrichment Project (TEEP) is the only non-U.S. example to date. This paper reports a new follow-up assessment of the long-term outcomes of TEEP, an intervention carried out in 1983-1985 with 4-6 year old children from deprived backgrounds (previous evaluations were carried out at the completion of the intervention and seven years later). Findings from 131 of the original 255 participants indicate more favorable outcomes for children who received either mother training or educational preschool, or both, compared to those who had neither, in terms of educational attainment, occupational status, age of beginning gainful employment, and some indicators of integration into modern urban life, such as owning a computer. Further analyses of the intervention effects on the complete post-intervention developmental trajectories indicated that children whose cognitive deficits prior to the intervention were mild to moderate but not severe benefited from early enrichment. Thus, a majority of the children who received early enrichment had more favorable trajectories of development into young adulthood in the cognitive/achievement and social developmental domains than comparable children who did not receive enrichment.
Uploads
Papers by Diane Sunar